Substituted arylpyrazoles

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a range of 1-aryl-4-cyclopropylpyrazoles in which the cyclopropyl ring is substituted at the angular position, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, to compositions comprising such compounds, processes to their synthesis and their use as parasiticides.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/453,053, filed on 14 Jun. 2006, currently pending, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/690,651, filed on 15 Jun. 2005.

This invention relates to pyrazole derivatives having parasiticidal properties. The compounds of interest are C4-(cyclopropyl)arylpyrazoles and, more particularly, the invention relates to 1-aryl-4-cyclopropylpyrazoles in which the cyclopropyl ring is substituted at the angular position. Such compounds are useful for having parasiticidal properties.

International Patent Application Publication No. (WO) 98/24767, European Patent Application Publication No. (EP) 933363, European Patent Application Publication No. (EP) 959071 and International Patent Application Publication No. (WO) 2005/060749 all describe arylpyrazoles having parasiticidal activity for the control of arthropods.

However, the prior art compounds do not always demonstrate good activity or a long duration of action against parasites. Similarly, some of the prior art parasiticidal agents are useful only for a narrow spectrum of parasites. In some cases this may be attributed to the low bioavailability of the compounds in the treated animal and this can also lead to poor activity. It is an aim of the present invention to overcome various disadvantages of, or improve on, the properties of prior art compounds. Thus it is an aim of the invention to provide an arylpyrazole which has the same or improved activity relative to prior art compounds against parasites. It is a further aim of the present invention to provide arylpyrazole compounds with improved bioavailability whilst maintaining or improving their activity. The compounds of the present invention have especially good ability to control a broad spectrum of arthropods as shown by the results of tests demonstrating their potency and efficacy. In particular, the compounds of the present invention are significantly more active against fleas than similar prior art compounds.

It is a further aim to provide compounds with a long duration of action. Surprisingly it has been found that improving the bioavailability of the compounds does not negatively impact their duration of action. The extended duration of action is generally attributed to an extended half life of the compound in vivo in the host mammal.

It is also desirable that the compounds of the present invention should have an improved pharmacokinetic profile, improved safety, improved persistence and improved solubility.

Thus, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound of formula (I):

wherein:

-   X is selected from CR¹⁰ or N; -   R¹ is selected from halo, cyano, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,     C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl,     amino, C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, di C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, het, phenyl, SF₅ and     S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   R² is selected from cyano, hydroxy, C(O)OH, het, phenyl,     S(O)_(n)R¹¹, C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) and C(S)NR^(a)R^(b); -   or R² is selected from C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl,     C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, amino,     C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, and di C₁₋₆ alkyl amino each of which may be     optionally and independently further substituted by one or more     substituents selected from, where chemically possible, cyano, nitro,     halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,     C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈     halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, het,     phenyl, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or either one or both of R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected     from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, and C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, each of which R^(a) or     R^(b) may be optionally and independently further substituted by one     or more substituents selected from, where chemically possible,     cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d),     NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃-8     cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆     haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆     haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl,     —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and     S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R^(a) and R^(b) together with the N atom to which they are     attached may form a three to seven—membered saturated, partially     saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic ring which may     optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms and which may     be optionally further substituted by one or more substituents     selected from, where chemically possible, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo,     hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆     alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl,     C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl,     —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆     haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino,     NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R² and R^(e) together with the N atom to which R^(e) is attached     may form a six to seven—membered saturated, partially saturated, or     unsaturated heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or     more further N, O or S atoms and which may be optionally further     substituted by one or more substituents selected from, where     chemically possible, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH,     C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆     alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆     haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl     and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, halo,     cyano, hydroxy, C(O)OH, nitro, phenyl, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or either one or more of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently     selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(S)NR^(c)R^(d), C₁₋₄     alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, amino which R³, R⁴, R⁵ and     R⁶ may be optionally and independently further substituted by one or     more substituents selected from, where chemically possible, cyano,     nitro, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl and amino; -   and where not more than two of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are selected from     cyano, hydroxy, C(O)OH, nitro, phenyl, S(O)_(n)R¹¹, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d),     C(S)NR^(c)R^(d), C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, and     amino; -   R⁷ is selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ alkoxy where, when R⁷     is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy, R⁷ may be optionally substituted with     one or more halo substituents; -   R⁸ is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, C(O)OH, nitro, halo,     het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R⁸ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl,     and C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, which R⁸ may be optionally and independently     further substituted by one or more substituents selected from, where     chemically possible, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH,     C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆     alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆     haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl     and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R⁸ is amino, which R⁸ may be optionally and independently further     substituted by one or more substituents selected from, where     chemically possible, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,     C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈     halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     haloalkyl, het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, hydroxy, C(O)OH, nitro,     het, phenyl, S(O)_(n)R¹¹ and NR^(e)R^(f); -   or R⁹ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, which R⁹ may     be optionally and independently further substituted by one or more     substituents selected from, where chemically possible, cyano, nitro,     halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,     C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈     halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   R^(e) and R^(f) are independently selected from hydrogen, het,     phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or either one or both of R^(e) and R^(f) are independently selected     from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈     cycloalkyl, —C(O)OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, each of which R^(e) or R^(f) may     be optionally and independently further substituted by one or more     substituents selected from, where chemically possible, cyano, nitro,     halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy,     C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈     halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     haloalkyl, amino, NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R^(e) and R^(f) together with the N atom to which they are     attached may form a three to seven—membered saturated, partially     saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic ring which may     optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms and which may     be optionally further substituted by one or more substituents     selected from, where chemically possible, cyano, nitro, halo, oxo,     hydroxy, C(O)OH, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆     alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl,     C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl,     —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆     haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino,     NR^(c)R^(d), het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R^(e) and R² together with the atoms to which they are attached     may form a six to seven—membered heterocyclic ring as previously     described; -   R¹⁰ is selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ alkoxy and where when     R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy it may optionally be substituted     with one or more halo substituents; -   each of R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen,     C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl,     C₁₋₆ haloalkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or R^(c) and R^(d) together with the N atom to which at least one of     them is attached may form a three to seven membered saturated,     partially saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic ring which     may optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms; -   each n is independently 0, 1 or 2; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkyl amino and di C₁₋₆ alkyl     amino; -   each phenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more further     substitutents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano,     nitro, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆     haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, di C₁₋₆ alkyl amino,     —NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   and each het independently represents a four to seven membered     heterocyclic ring, which is aromatic or non-aromatic, unsaturated,     partially saturated or saturated and which contains one or more     heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, N-oxide, oxygen, sulphur and     wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted, where the     valence allows, with one or more substituents selected from halo,     cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, OC(O)C₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl and NR^(g)R^(h), where R^(g)     and R^(h) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl and     C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and where each of the above groups may include one or     more optional substituents where chemically possible independently     selected from cyano, nitro, halo, oxo, hydroxy, C(O)OH,     C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆     alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkylC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆     alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₆     haloalkanoyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, amino, C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, di C₁₋₆     alkyl amino, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof.

Preferably, R¹ is selected from: cyano; C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, for example, trifluoromethyl or i-C₃F₇; C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, for example, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy; SF₅; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where, for example, R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl to form, for example, (trifluoromethyl)thio, (trifluoromethyl)sulphinyl or (trifluoromethyl)sulphonyl. More preferably R¹ is selected from C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, for example, trifluoromethyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy for example difluoromethoxy and trifluoromethoxy, and SF₅. Even more preferably R¹ is selected from CF₃, OCF₃, or SF₅. Most preferably R¹ is SF₅.

Suitably, R² is selected from: cyano; C(O)OH; het, eg 1-oxa-3,4-diazolyl or thiazolyl, which het may in turn be substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, 5-methyl-1-3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, methylthio, methylsulphinyl or methylsulphonyl, amino to form, for example, aminosulphonyl, and di C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, eg dimethylamino to form, for example, (dimethylamino)sulphonyl; C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, which C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be optionally substituted with halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, fluoromethoxycarbonyl or trifluoromethoxycarbonyl; and amino.

Equally suitably R² is selected from C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) and C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) where R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from: hydrogen to form, for example, aminocarbonyl or aminocarbonothioyl; S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, [(methylsulphonyl)amino]carbonyl; and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl to form, for example, (cyclopropylamino)carbonyl. Equally suitably R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or isobutyl to form, for example, (methylamino)carbonyl, (dimethylamino)carbonyl, (ethylamino)carbonyl, (propylamino)carbonyl, (isopropylamino)carbonyl, or (isobutylamino)carbonyl, which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: halo eg fluoro to form, for example, [(trifluromethyl)amino]carbonyl or [(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]carbonyl; hydroxy to form, for example, [(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]carbonyl or [(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amino]carbonyl; C₁₋₆ alkoxy to form, for example, [(1-methoxyethyl)amino]carbonyl or [(1-isopropoxypropyl)amino]carbonyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl to form, for example, [(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]carbonyl; or het, eg pyridinyl to form, for example, [(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl, [(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl, or [(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl, or 1,2,4 triazolyl to form, for example, [(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl, which 1,2,4 triazolyl may optionally be further substituted with, for example, C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl to form, for example, [(5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl]amino carbonyl.

Where R^(a) and R^(b) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a three to seven—membered saturated, partially saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms, the ring is suitably a saturated pyrrolidinyl ring.

Where R² and R^(e) together with the N atom to which R^(e) is attached form a six to seven—membered saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms it is preferred that R² is selected from C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) and C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) wherein it is then R^(a) and R^(e) together with the N atoms to which they are attached form a six to seven—membered saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or more further N, O or S atoms. Suitably the ring is a partially unsaturated 1,3-diazepanyl which may be further substituted by C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl to form, for example, a 7′-methyl-5′-oxo-5′,6′,7′,8′-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]diazepine.

Preferably R² is selected from: cyano; C(O)OH; het, eg 1-oxa-3,4-diazolyl or thiazolyl, which 1-oxa-3,4-diazolyl may in turn be substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl; S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl, amino, and di C₁₋₆ alkyl amino; C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, which C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be optionally substituted with halo, eg chloro or fluoro; and amino. Further preferred compounds include those where R² is selected from C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) and C(S)NR^(a)R^(b) where R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from: hydrogen; S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclopropyl; and C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or isobutyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halo eg fluoro, hydroxy, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl, or het, eg pyridinyl, or 1,2,4 triazolyl which 1, 2, 4 triazolyl may optionally be further substituted with, for example, C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl.

Even more preferably R² is selected from: cyano; S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl; and C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), where R^(a) is hydrogen and R^(b) is selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl or isopropyl, which C₁₋₆ alkyl may be optionally substituted with het, eg pyridinyl to form, for example, [(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl.

Most preferably, R² is C(O)NR^(a)R^(b) where both of R^(a) and R^(b) are hydrogen.

Suitably R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently selected from: hydrogen; halo, eg chloro or fluoro; or C₁₋₄ alkyl, eg methyl, which C₁₋₄ alkyl is optionally substituted by 1 to 5 halo groups independently selected from chloro or fluoro to form, for example, trifluoromethyl. Preferably, R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from: hydrogen; chloro; fluoro; and C₁₋₄ alkyl, eg methyl which C₁₋₄ alkyl is optionally substituted by 1 to 5 halo groups and both R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen. More preferably, both R³ and R⁴ are the same as each other and are selected from: hydrogen; fluoro; chloro; and methyl and both R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen. Most preferably, both R³ and R⁴ are the same as each other and are selected from: hydrogen; fluoro; and chloro and both R⁵ and R⁶ are hydrogen.

Suitable compounds include those where, when R⁷ is halo, preferred halo substituents are fluoro, chloro or bromo. Further suitable compounds include those where, when R⁷ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy where the C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more halo substituents, preferred halo substituents are fluoro, chloro or bromo. Preferably R⁷ is selected from chloro, or fluoro. Most preferably R⁷ is chloro.

Suitably, R⁸ is selected from: cyano; halo, eg chloro or fluoro; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more fluoro groups to form, for example, trifluoromethyl; and C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, eg acetyl or propanoyl which C₁₋₆ alkanoyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from S(O)_(n)R¹¹ eg where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, (methylthio)carbonyl, halo eg chloro or fluoro, to form for example trifluoroacetyl, or C₁₋₆ alkoxy to form, for example 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl.

Preferably, R⁸ is selected from: cyano; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more fluoro groups; and C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, eg acetyl which C₁₋₆ alkanoyl may optionally be substituted by S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl. Most preferably, R⁸ is cyano.

Suitably R⁹ is selected from: hydrogen; hydroxy; cyano; halo, eg chloro or fluoro; het, eg pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, or pyridinyl to form, for example, pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-4-yl, where suitably the pyridinyl may be further substituted with, eg oxy to form, for example, 1-hydroxy-pyridinyl; phenyl which phenyl may in turn be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from: halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, 4-fluorophenyl or 3,4-difluorophenyl, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, 4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, or methylsulphonyl.

Further suitable compounds include those where R⁹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn optionally be substituted by one or more substituents selected from: halo, eg fluoro or chloro to form, for example, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl or trifluoroethyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg t-butyl to form, for example, t-butylmethyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl to form, for example, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl or cyclopropylethyl; C₁₋₆ alkoxy, eg methoxy or ethoxy to form, for example, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxymethyl or ethoxyethyl; het, eg pyrazinyl to form, for example, pyrazinylmethyl or pyrazinylethyl, imidazolyl to form, for example, (1H-imidazolyl)methyl or (1H-imidazolyl)ethyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl to form, for example, (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl methyl or (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethyl, or pyridinyl to form, for example, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, pyridin-2-ylethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl or pyridin-4-ylethyl, where suitably the pyridinyl may be further substituted with, eg oxy to form, for example, (1-hydroxy-pyridinyl)methyl or (1-hydroxy-pyridinyl)ethyl; phenyl to form, for example, benzyl or phenylethyl which phenyl may in turn be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, 4-fluorobenzyl, (4-fluorophenyl)ethyl, 3,4-difluorobenzyl or (3,4-difluorophenyl)ethyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo groups, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, (trifluoromethyl)benzyl or [(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl, or S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, 4-(methylsulphonyl)benzyl or [4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl]ethyl; —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl eg ethoxycarbonyl to form, for example, 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl; amino to form for example aminomethyl or aminoethyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl amino, eg methylamino to form, for example, (methylamino)methyl, (methylamino)ethyl, (ethylamino)methyl or (ethylamino)ethyl; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, (methylthio)methyl, (methylthio)ethyl, (methylsulphinyl)methyl, (methylsulphinyl)ethyl, (methylsulphonyl)methyl, or (methylsulphonyl)ethyl.

Further suitable compounds include those where R⁹ is selected from: C₂₋₆ alkenyl, eg ethenyl which C₂₋₆ alkenyl may be further substituted with het eg pyrazinyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, imidazolyl, or pyridinyl, or phenyl which phenyl may be further substituted by for example halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, 4-fluorophenyl or 3,4-difluorophenyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo groups, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, trifluoromethylphenyl, or S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, 4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, which C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, eg fluoro or chloro, cyano, and hydroxy; and C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg cyclopropylmethyl or cyclopropylethyl, which C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from halo eg fluoro or chloro, to form, for example, (1-fluorocyclopropyl)methyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, (1-methylcyclopropyl)methyl or (1-ethylcyclopropyl)methyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl to form, for example, [(1-trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methyl.

Equally suitably R⁹ is C₁₋₆ alkoxy, eg methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy or t-butoxy which C₁₋₆ alkoxy may in turn optionally be substituted by one or more substituents selected from: halo, eg fluoro or chloro to form, for example, trifluoromethoxy or trifluoroethoxy; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg t-butyl to form, for example, t-butylmethoxy; C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl to form, for example, cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cyclohexylmethoxy or cyclopropylethoxy; het, eg pyrazinyl to form, for example, pyrazinylmethoxy, imidazolyl to form, for example, (1H-imidazolyl)methoxy, 1,3,4-triazolyl to form, for example, (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy or (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethoxy, or pyridinyl to form, for example, pyridin-2-ylmethoxy or pyridin-4-ylmethoxy, where suitably the pyridinyl may be further substituted with, eg oxy to form, for example, (1-hydroxypyridinyl)methoxy; phenyl to form, for example, benzyloxy which phenyl may in turn be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, (4-fluorobenzyl)oxy or (3,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo groups, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, [(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, [4-(methylsulphonyl)benzyl]oxy; and —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg ethoxycarbonyl to form, for example, 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl.

Equally suitably R⁹ is C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkoxy eg cyclopropylmethoxy or cyclopropylethoxy which C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkoxy may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: halo eg fluoro or chloro, to form for example (1-fluorocyclopropyl)methoxy; C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example (1-methylcyclopropyl)methoxy or (1-ethylcyclopropyl)methoxy; or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl to form, for example, [1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy.

Still further suitable compounds include those where R⁹ is NR^(e)R^(f) and where each of R^(e) and R^(f) are hydrogen to form, for example, amino.

Still further suitable compounds include those where R⁹ is NR^(e)R^(f) and where each of R^(e) or R^(f) are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, or n-pentyl to form, for example, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, butylamino, t-butylamino, or pentylamino which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be substituted with one or more substituents selected from: cyano to form, for example, (2-cyanoethyl)amino; halo, eg fluoro or chloro to form, for example, (fluoroethyl)amino, (2-fluoro-2-methyl)propylamino, (trifluoromethyl)amino, (trifluoroethyl)amino, (2-fluoroethyl)amino, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)amino, (4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)amino, or (5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)amino; C(O)OH to form, for example, (3-carboxypropyl)amino; C(O)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) or R^(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen to form, for example, 2-carbamoyl-ethylamino, 3-carbamoyl-propylamino, or 4-carbamoyl-butylaminoamino, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl eg cyclopropylmethyl to form, for example, (2-cyclopropylmethyl-carbamoyl)ethylamino, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl eg trifluoroethyl to form, for example, (trifluoroethyl-carbamoyl)ethylamino; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, isopropyl, t-butyl to form, for example, isopropylmethylamino, or t-butylmethylamino; C₁₋₆ alkoxy, eg methoxy, ethoxy or isopropoxy to form, for example, (2-methoxyethyl)(methyl)amino or (2-isopropoxyethyl)amino; het, eg pyrazinyl to form, for example, pyrazinylmethylamino, imidazolyl to form, for example, (1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylamino, 1,2,4-triazolyl to form, for example, (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methylamino, (4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethylamino, or (4H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethylamino, isoxaolyl to form, for example, isoxazol-3-ylmethylamino, thiazolyl to form, for example, 1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethylamino or 1,3-thiazol-4-ylmethylamino which thiazolyl may be optionally further substituted with halo, eg chloro to form, for example, [(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]amino, pyrazolyl to form, for example, (1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethyl)amino or (1H-pyrazol-4-ylethyl)amino which pyrazolyl may be optionally further substituted with one or more substituents selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, eg methyl, or halo, eg chloro, to form, for example, [(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl]amino, or [(1-methyl-3-methyl-5-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]amino, tretrahydropyranyl to form, for example, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)amino, or pyridinyl to form, for example, (pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino or (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino, where suitably the pyridinyl may be further substituted with, eg oxy to form, for example, [(1-hydroxypyridin-4-yl)methyl] amino; phenyl to form, for example, benzylamino which phenyl may in turn be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, (4-fluorobenzyl)amino or (3,4-difluorobenzyl)amino, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo groups, eg chloro or fluoro to form, for example, (trifluoromethylbenzyl)amino, S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, [(4-methylsulphonyl)benzyl]amino, or where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl amino eg N-methyl to form, for example, {4-[(methylsulphonyl)amino]benzyl}aminoamino, —NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, {4-[(methylamino)sulphonyl]benzyl}aminoamino; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹ eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, 3-(S-methyl thio ether) propyl amino.

Yet further suitable compounds include those R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl and R^(f) is independently selected from: C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, eg cyclopropyl to form, for example, cyclopropylamino; and C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl eg cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl to form, for example, (cyclopropylmethyl)amino, (cyclopropylmethyl)(methyl)amino, (cyclopropylethyl)amino, (cyclobutylmethyl)amino, (cyclopentylmethyl)amino or (cyclohexylmethyl)amino, which C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: halo eg fluoro or chloro, to form for example [(1-fluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino; C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl or ethyl to form, for example, [(1-methylcyclopropyl)methyl]amino or [(1-ethylcyclopropyl)methyl]amino; C₁₋₆ haloalkyl eg trifluoromethyl to form, for example, [(1-trifluoromethylcyclopropyl)methyl]amino; amino to form, for example, [(1-aminocyclopropyl)methyl]amino; C(O)NR^(c)Rd where R^(c) and R^(d) are hydrogen to form, for example, {[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]methyl}amino; NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) or R^(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl eg t-butoxycarbonyl, or S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, {{1-[(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopropyl}methyl}amino, or {{1-[(methylsulphonyl)amino]cyclopropyl}methyl}amino.

Yet further suitable compounds include those where R^(e) is independently selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl and R^(f) is independently selected from: C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or isopropoxycarbonyl to form, for example, (methoxycarbonyl)amino, (ethoxycarbonyl)amino, (isopropoxycarbonyl)amino or (methyl)(isopropoxycarbonyl)amino; C(O)OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclobutoxycarbonyl to form, for example, (cyclobutyloxycarbonyl)amino or (methyl)(cyclobutyloxycarbonyl)amino; and —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl to from, for example, [(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino or (methyl)[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino, which —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl may be further optionally substituted by, for example, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl eg fluoromethyl to form, for example, {{[1-(fluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy}carbonyl}amino.

Preferably R⁹ is selected from: hydrogen; halo, eg chloro; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn optionally be substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, eg fluoro to form, for example, difluoromethyl, or C₁₋₆ alkoxy, eg methoxy to form, for example, methoxymethyl; C₂₋₆ alkenyl, eg ethyenyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkoxy eg cyclopropylmethoxy; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl to form, for example, methylthio, methylsulphinyl, or methylsulphonyl.

Equally preferred compounds include those where R⁹ is NR^(e)R^(e) where each of R^(e) or R^(f) are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, or n-pentyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be substituted with one or more substituents selected from: cyano; halo, eg fluoro; C(O)OH; C(O)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) or R^(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl eg cyclopropylmethyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl eg trifluoroethyl; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, isopropyl, t-butyl; C₁₋₆ alkoxy, eg methoxy, ethoxy or isopropoxy; het, eg pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, isoxaolyl, thiazolyl which thiazolyl may be optionally further substituted with halo, eg chloro, pyrazolyl which pyrazolyl may be optionally further substituted with C₁₋₆alkyl, eg methyl or halo, eg chloro, tretrahydropyranyl, or pyridinyl where suitably the pyridinyl may be further substituted with eg oxy; phenyl which phenyl may in turn be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, eg fluoro, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo groups, eg fluoro, S(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl or where R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl amino eg N-methyl, —NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, eg where R¹¹ is methyl; and S(O)_(n)R¹¹ eg where R¹¹ is methyl.

Equally preferred compounds include those where R⁹ is NR^(e)R^(f) where R^(e) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl and R^(f) is C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl eg cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl, which C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: C₁₋₆ alkyl eg methyl; amino; C(O)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are both hydrogen; and NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl eg t-butoxy carbonyl, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹ where R¹¹ is methyl.

Equally preferred compounds include those where R⁹ is NR^(e)R^(f) where R^(e) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl and R^(f) is selected from: —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or isopropoxycarbonyl; —C(O)OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclobutoxycarbonyl; and —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, which —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl may be further optionally substituted by, for example, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl eg fluoromethyl.

Even more preferably R⁹ is selected from: halo eg chloro; C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn optionally be substituted by halo, eg fluoro; NR^(e)R^(f) where each of R^(e) or R^(f) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, or n-pentyl which C₁₋₆ alkyl may in turn be substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, eg fluoro, C(O)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are both hydrogen, het, eg 1,2,4-triazolyl, or S(O)_(n)R¹¹ eg where R¹¹ is methyl; C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl eg cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, which C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl may be optionally substituted with C(O)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are both hydrogen; —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, eg methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or isopropoxycarbonyl; and —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl eg cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl.

Most preferably R⁹ is selected from: chloro; methyl; difluoromethyl; amino; methylamino; (2-cyanoethyl)amino; isobutylamino; (2-fluoroethyl)amino; (2-fluoro-2-methyl-propyl)amino; carbamoylmethylamino; (1,2,4-triazol-1yl)ethylamino; [3-(methylthio)propyl]amino; (cyclopropylmethyl)amino; (methyl)(cyclopropylmethyl]amino; {[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]methyl}amino; (methoxycarbonyl)amino; (ethoxycarbonyl)amino; (isopropoxycarbonyl)amino; (methyl)(ethoxycarbonyl)amino; and [(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino.

Preferably X is CR¹⁰ . Suitable compounds include those where, when R¹¹ is halo, preferred halo substituents are fluoro, chloro or bromo. Further suitable compounds include those where, when R¹⁰ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy where the C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more halo substituents, preferred halo substituents are fluoro, chloro or bromo. Preferably R¹⁰ is selected from chloro, or fluoro. Most preferably R¹⁰ is chloro. Other preferred compounds are those in which R⁷and R¹⁰ are the same. More preferably, both R⁷ and R¹⁰ are Cl.

In particular, the invention relates to compounds selected from:

-   pyridin-2-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(13-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   pyridin-4-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3,5-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-cyclopropylethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3-cyanobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl{4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   4-[({4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   allyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-methoxybenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-methylbenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,5-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,3-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,6-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,4-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-chlorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-phenylethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2-methoxyethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-(3-cyano-5-{[(22-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino     -1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate;     and -   1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (LX)

wherein R¹ is selected from CF₃, OCF₃ and SF₅; R³ and R⁴ are both H, both F, or both Cl; and R^(9A) is phenyl optionally substituted by up to 3 groups independently selected from halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CN, —CONH₂, NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), and —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), or R^(9A) is heteroaryl selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, and thiazolyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Preferably, R¹ is SF₅. Preferably R^(9A) is phenyl optionally substituted by up to 3 groups independently selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, —OCH₃, —CN, —CONH₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, and —SO₂CH₃, or R^(9A) is heteroaryl selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, and thiazolyl.

In the compounds according to formula (I) the term ‘halo’ means a group selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. Preferably the term “halo” means a group selected from fluoro, chloro or bromo.

Alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and alkoxy groups, containing the requisite number of carbon atoms, can be unbranched or branched. The term lower alkyl shall be taken to mean C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl. Examples of alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, sec-butoxy and t-butoxy. Examples of alkenyl include methylene, 1,1-ethylene, 1,2-ethylene, 1,1-propylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene and 2,2-propylene. The term cycloalkyl shall be taken to mean C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl. Examples of include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

In the compounds according to formula (I) the term phenyl shall be taken to mean a six membered aromatic carbon ring, which phenyl can be substituted as described for compounds of formula (I).

In the compounds according to formula (I) the term “het” shall be taken to mean those substituents which fall into the definition as set out in claim 1. Preferably the term “het” shall be taken to mean those substituents which represent a five to six membered heterocyclic group, which is aromatic or non -aromatic, unsaturated, partially saturated or saturated and which contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, N-oxide, oxygen, and sulphur and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted where the valence allows with one or more substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NR^(g)R^(h), where R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₆ alkyl. More preferably the term “het” shall be taken to mean those substituents which represent a five to six membered heterocyclic ring, which is aromatic or non-aromatic, unsaturated, partially saturated or saturated and which contains at least one nitrogen or oxygen atom and optionally up to two further heterocyclic atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted where the valence allows with one or more substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NR^(g)R^(h), where R^(g) and R^(h) are independently selected from hydrogen, and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In the case of substituents R² , R^(a) , or R^(b) and further optional substituents thereof of compounds of formula (I), the term “het” shall most preferably be taken to mean those substituents which represent a five to six membered heterocyclic ring, which is aromatic, unsaturated, or partially saturated and which contains at least one nitrogen atom and optionally up to two further heterocyclic atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted where the valence allows with one or more substituents selected from halo, and C₁₋₆ alkyl. Suitable preferred examples of such rings include 1-oxa-3,4-diazolyl, thiazolyl, 5-methyl-1-3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, pyridinyl, or 1,2,4 triazolyl.

In the case of substituents R⁹, R^(e) , or R^(f) and further optional substituents thereof of compounds of formula (I), the term “het” shall most preferably be taken to mean those substituents which represent a five to six membered heterocyclic ring, which is aromatic, unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated and which contains at least one nitrogen atom or one oxygen atom and optionally up to two further heterocyclic atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted where the valence allows with one or more substituents selected from halo, and C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Suitable preferred examples of such rings include pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, 1-hydroxy-pyridinyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, isoxaolyl, thiazolyl, 2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl, pyrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl, 1-methyl-3-methyl-5-chloro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl, and tretrahydropyranyl.

In the compounds according to formula (I) each phenyl group may be optionally and independently substituted as set out in claim 1. More preferably each phenyl group may be optionally and independently substituted with one or more further substitutents selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹. More preferably each phenyl group may be optionally substituted in the 4-position with a substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹.

In the case of substituents R⁹, R^(e), or R^(f) and further optional substituents thereof of compounds of formula (I) it is preferred that each phenyl group may be optionally substituted in the 4-position a substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NHS(O)_(n)R¹¹, and S(O)_(n)R¹¹. Suitable examples of such phenyl groups include 4-fluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, (4-methylsulphonyl)phenyl, 4-[(methylsulphonyl)amino]phenyl, and 4-[(methylamino)sulphonyl]phenyl.

It will be understood that compounds of formula (I) may exist as one or more geometric isomers. Thus included within the scope of the present invention are all such possible geometric isomer forms of the compounds of the present invention. Geometric isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallisation.

It will be understood that compounds of formula (I) may exist as one or more geometric isomers. Thus included within the scope of the present invention are all such possible geometric isomer forms of compounds of the present invention.

It is to be understood that compounds of formula (I) may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, thus compounds of the invention can exist as two or more stereoisomers. Included within the scope of the present invention are all stereoisomers such as enantiomers and diasteromers. Also included are acid addition or base salts wherein the counterion is optically active, for example, D-lactate or L-lysine, or racemic, for example, DL-tartrate or DL-arginine.

Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Alternatively, the racemate (or a racemic precursor) may be reacted with a suitable optically active compound, for example, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound of formula (I) contains an acidic or basic moiety, an acid or base such as tartaric acid or 1-phenylethylamine. The resulting diastereomeric mixture may be separated by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization and one or both of the diastereoisomers converted to the corresponding pure enantiomer(s) by means well known to a skilled person.

Chiral compounds of the invention (and chiral precursors thereof) may be obtained in enantiomerically-enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC, using conditions such as on an asymmetric resin with a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon, typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0 to 50% isopropanol, typically from 2 to 20%, and from O to 5% of an alkylamine, typically 0.1% diethylamine. Concentration of the eluate affords the enriched mixture.

Stereoisomeric conglomerates may be separated by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art see, for example, “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds” by E L Eliel (Wiley, N.Y., 1994).

Also included within the scope of the present invention are compounds exhibiting more than one type of isomerism, and mixtures of one or more thereof.

For the avoidance of doubt, it will be understood that throughout the application all references to pharmaceutically acceptable compounds includes references to veterinarily acceptable compounds or agriculturally acceptable compounds. Furthermore it will be understood that throughout the application all references to pharmaceutical activity includes references to veterinary activity or agricultural activity.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) include the acid addition and base salts thereof. Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate and trifluoroacetate salts. Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.

The pharmaceutically, veterinarily and agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts of certain of the compounds of formula (I) may also be prepared in a conventional manner. For example, a solution of a free base may be treated with the appropriate acid, either neat or in a suitable solvent, and the resulting salt isolated either by filtration or by evaporation under reduced pressure of the reaction solvent. For a review on suitable salts, see “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” by Stahl and Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002).

Hereinafter, and throughout the application, all references to compounds of formula (I) include references to salts, solvates and complexes thereof and to solvates and complexes of salts thereof.

The invention includes all polymorphs of the compounds of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined.

The compounds of the invention may exist in both unsolvated and solvated forms. The term ‘solvate’ is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising the compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol. The term ‘hydrate’ is employed when said solvent is water. Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D₂O, d₆-acetone, d₆-DMSO.

Included within the scope of the invention are complexes such as clathrates, drug-host inclusion complexes wherein, in contrast to the aforementioned solvates, the drug and host are present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. Also included are complexes of the drug containing two or more organic and/or inorganic components which may be in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. The resulting complexes may be ionised, partially ionised, or non-ionised. For a review of such complexes, see J Pharm Sci, 64 (8), 1269-1288 by Haleblian (August 1975).

The present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labelled compounds of formula (I) wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.

Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, such as ²H and ³H, carbon, such as ¹¹C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C, chlorine, such as ³⁶Cl, fluorine, such as ¹⁸F, iodine, such as ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I, nitrogen, such as ¹³N and ¹⁵N, oxygen, such as ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, phosphorus, such as ³²P, and sulphur, such as ³⁵S.

Within the scope of the invention are so-called ‘prodrugs’ of the compounds of formula (I). Thus certain derivatives of compounds of formula (I) which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into compounds of formula (I) having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage. Such derivatives are referred to as ‘prodrugs’. Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in ‘Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T Higuchi and W Stella) and ‘Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design’, Pergamon Press, 1987 (ed. E B Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association).

Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of formula (I) with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as ‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” by H Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).

Some examples of prodrugs in accordance with the invention include:

-   (i) where the compound of formula (I) contains a carboxylic acid     functionality (—COOH), an ester thereof, for example, replacement of     the hydrogen with (C₁-C₈)alkyl; -   (ii) where the compound of formula (I) contains an alcohol     functionality (—OH), an ether thereof, for example, replacement of     the hydrogen with (C₁-C₆)alkanoyloxymethyl; and -   (iii) where the compound of formula (I) contains a primary or     secondary amino functionality (—NH₂ or —NHR where R≠H), an amide     thereof, for example, replacement of one or both hydrogens with     (C₁-C₁₀)alkanoyl.

Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing the 5-amino substituent on the pyrazole ring in the compounds of formula (I) with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as ‘pro-drug moieties’ as described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” by H Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985); “Design and application of prodrugs,” Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, (3^(rd) Edition), 2002, 410-458, (Taylor and Francis Ltd., London); and references therein.

Suitable prodrugs may have an N-containing group at the 5-position of the pyrazole ring of formula (I) and are bound to the ring through N. The 5-N group can be substituted once or twice. Examples of substituents include: alkyl amines, aryl amines, amides, ureas, carbamates, cyclic carbamates, imines, enamines, imides, cyclic imides, sulfenamides, and sulfonamides. The hydrocarbon portion of these groups contain C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; wherein each of the above groups may include one or more optional substituents where chemically possible independently selected from: halo; hydroxy; C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

Further examples of replacement groups in accordance with the foregoing example and examples of other prodrug types may be found in the aforementioned references.

A prodrug according to the invention can be readily identified by administering it to a host animal and sampling a body fluid for a compound of formula (I). Finally, certain compounds of formula (I) may themselves act as prodrugs of other compounds of formula (I). Prodrugs may be cleaved to active drug by metabolism by the host or by the parasite targeting the host.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically, veterinarily or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically, veterinarily or agriculturally acceptable solvate (including hydrate) of either entity, as illustrated below.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that sensitive functional groups may need to be protected and deprotected during synthesis of a compound of the invention. This may be achieved by conventional methods, for example as described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by T W Greene and P G M Wuts, John Wiley & Sons Inc (1999), and references therein.

The following processes are illustrative of the general synthetic procedures which may be adopted in order to obtain the compounds of the invention.

When one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ contain reactive functional groups then additional protection may be provided according to standard procedures during the synthesis of compounds of formula (I). In the processes described below, for all synthetic precursors used in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I), the definitions of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are as defined for formula (I), are intended to optionally include suitably protected variants, P¹, P², P³, P⁴, P⁵, P⁶, P⁷, P⁸, P⁹, P¹⁰ and P¹¹. Such suitable protecting groups for these functionalities are described in the references listed below and the use of these protecting groups where needed is specifically intended to fall within the scope of the processes described in the present invention for producing compounds of formula (I) and its precursors. When suitable protecting groups are used, then these will need to be removed to yield compounds of formula (I). Deprotection can be effected according to standard procedures including those described in the references listed below. For example, when R⁹ in formula (I) is an unsubstituted amino group, certain precursors may require protection of the amino group in order to perform the necessary transformations, for example, by an imidoformamide group such as a compound of formula (I), where R¹-R⁸ and R¹⁰ are as described for formula (I) and R⁹ represents —N═C(H)—NR^(c)R^(d), where R^(c) and R^(d) independently represent C₁₋₆alkyl, e.g. to form a N,N-dimethyl group. Such imidoformamides may be prepared by standard methods, typically by refluxing the unprotected amine in N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal for 2-16 hours, usually around 5 hours followed by stirring at room temperature for 5-24 hours, usually overnight. The imidoformamide protecting group may be removed under standard conditions, such as at elevated temperature, with a suitable acid such as hydrochloric acid or para-toluenesulfonic acid in a solvent such as methanol or dioxane.

A compound of formula (I) may be prepared by cyclopropanation of an alkene of formula (II):

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as previously defined for formula (I). This may be achieved by in situ generation of the required carbenoid species, CR⁵R⁶ in which R⁵ and R⁶ are as previously defined for formula (I), in the presence of (II), by an appropriate method.

Such methods may include treatment of a compound of formula (II), with a reactive species such as trimethylsilyl difluoro(fluorosulfonyl)acetate (TFDA) at reflux in the presence of sodium fluoride, as described by Dolbier et al., in J. Fluor Chem., 2004, 125, 459, to yield a product of formula (I). Other methods for in situ carbenoid generation include treatment of chloroform or bromoform with base, preferably under phase transfer catalysis conditions, thermolysis of a suitable organometallic precursor such as an aryl trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl or phenyl(trifluoromethyl) mercury derivative or treatment with a diazoalkane in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and treatment with a diazoalkane in the absence of a transition metal catalyst followed by thermolysis of the intermediate pyrazoline, or generation from a sulphur ylid.

Compounds of formula (II) can be synthesized using an organozinc reagent of formula (III):

wherein R¹, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as previously defined for formula (I). The organozinc reagent formula (III) may be obtained by treatment of (IV) wherein halo is preferably bromo or iodo, with activated zinc (Rieke zinc) in an aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, for several hours. The organozincate can then be cross coupled to a haloalkene in the presence of a palladium (II) species such as dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) and a reducing agent such as diisobutylaluminium hydride in an aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, at elevated temperatures, normally at reflux.

Alternatively, a compound of formula (II) may be obtained directly by the reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with an organostannane in the presence of a metal catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) at an elevated temperature for several hours.

Compounds of formula (IV) may be useful for accessing intermediates of formula (V).

Thus, compounds of formula (IV) can be treated with a Grignard reagent such as isopropyl-magnesium chloride under inert conditions using an aprotic solvent at reduced temperature before treatment with an acid chloride or acid anhydride, upon warming to room temperature the desired ketone represented by formula (V) is produced.

Compounds of formula (V) can be utilized to access compounds of formula (II) wherein R³ and R⁴ are H. Thus compounds of formula (V) can be methylenated by treatment with a Wittig reagent under inert conditions at reduced temperature in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.

Compounds of formula (II) can also be obtained from compounds of formula (V), by treatment with a haloalkene such as dibromodifluoromethane in the presence of triphenylphosphine and Reike zinc in an aprotic solvent.

Similarly, a compound of formula (II) may be obtained by the reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with an organozinc reagent. A specific example is the compound of formula (VI), prepared as shown in Scheme 1 below. The reaction uses a metal catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at an elevated temperature, typically 110° C., for several hours, typically 10. Intermediates used in the synthesis of compound (VI) can be obtained using conventional synthetic procedures, in accordance with standard textbooks on organic chemistry or literature precedent.

Alternatively, a compound of formula (VII), wherein R¹, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as previously defined for formula (I) may be obtained by the reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with a suitable Grignard reagent such as isopropylmagnesium chloride followed by the addition of methyl pyruvate in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.

Subsequent dehydration using a mild base and an activating agent such as methanesulphonyl chloride gives a compound of formula (II) wherein R² is COOCH₃. Alternatively, dehydration can be achieved using a two step sequence of halogenation using thionyl chloride in acetonitrile followed by dehydrohalogenation by heating in an inert solvent such as para-xylene or by standard base catalysed dehydrohalogenation procedures.

A compound of formula (IV) may be obtained from a compound of formula (VIII):

wherein R¹, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as previously defined for formula (I), by conventional bromination or iodination procedures. For example, when halo is iodo, (VIII) is treated with N-iodosuccinimide in a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile at from about room temperature to about 85° C.

Alternatively, a compound of formula (IV) may be prepared as shown in Scheme 2 below:

wherein R¹, R⁷, R⁸ and X are as previously defined for formula (I) and R⁹ is SR^(r), NR^(r)R^(s) or OR^(r) wherein R^(r) and R^(s) are each independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl may be optionally substituted. Compounds of formula (X) can be prepared from compounds of formula (IX) via standard nucleophilic substitution procedures. The amine (XI) may then be obtained by reduction using a suitable reducing agent, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, typically SnCl₂/HCl or Fe/CaCl₂. Compounds of formula (IV) may be prepared from (XI) by conventional Sandmeyer procedures.

A specific method for preparing a compound of formula (I), wherein R² is CF₂O, R³, R⁴ are F and R⁵, R⁶ are H is via an intermediate oxonium ion (XIII) formed by the reaction of a ketone of formula (XII) with TFDA in the presence of sodium fluoride, followed by hydride transfer and carbene insertion at the newly formed olefin to give the cyclopropane.

Another cyclopropanation procedure is via the reaction of a carbenoid species, generated in situ from compounds of formula (XIV), with alkenes of formula:

where R¹³ is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl. For example, a compound of formula (I) in which R² is CF₃ and R³ is 4-chlorophenyl may be obtained by stirring a compound of formula (XIV), wherein R² is CF₃ with 4-chlorostyrene in a suitable solvent, typically toluene, at 60° C. for an extended period of time, typically 18 hours.

The diazirine (XIV) may be prepared from the corresponding diaziridine using standard oxidising agents, such as iodine or those described in “Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis—Oxidising and Reducing Agents” edited by S. D. Burke and R. L. Danheiser.

The diaziridine may be prepared by reacting compounds of formula (XV), wherein R¹, R², R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as defined for formula (I)

and R¹⁴ is tosyloxy, with ammonia gas at elevated pressure, followed by reaction with a suitable base such as triethylamine.

Furthermore, a compound of formula (I) may be prepared by the ring contraction of a 4,5-dihydropyrazole of formula (XVI), wherein R¹, R², R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as defined for formula (I) by heating at elevated temperatures in a suitable aprotic solvent such as xylene. An alternative extrusion method uses u.v. light in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane, in the presence of an initiator, such as benzophenone. This is particularly appropriate where R² is SO₂alkyl. During the preparation of compounds of formula (I) wherein R² is SO₂NH₂, the sulphamoyl group may need protection as the sulphonimido-formamide.

The dihydropyrazoles are prepared from compounds of formula (II), wherein R¹, R², R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as defined for formula (I), by standard literature procedures.

Arylpyrazoles of formula (I) may also be prepared by the Japp Klingemann reaction. This reaction is described in Org. React., 1959, 10, 143-178. 3,4,5-Trisubstituted 1-arylpyrazoles may be produced directly in a reaction which involves coupling of an aryldiazonium species with an appropriately substituted precursor bearing a desired substituent. The desired substituent is introduced concomitantly at the C-4 position in a process, which does not involve any rearrangement. Furthermore, a very wide variety of 4-substituents may be introduced conveniently and directly.

Thus, a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂, can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XVII)

with a compound of formula (XVIII)

optionally in the presence of an acid, wherein:

-   R¹ to R¹⁰ are as defined above in relation to the compounds of     formula (I); -   L is an activating group; and -   Z is a compatible counter ion, followed by removal of group L.

The counter ion Z⁻ may be any suitable counter ion normally found in diazonium reactions. Preferably, Z⁻ is halogen, HSO₄ ⁻, or tetrafluoroborate and most preferably is tetrafluoroborate.

The group L is an electron withdrawing group which stabilises the anion intermediate in the process. Thus, preferably, L is a group which is capable of stabilising a negative charge on an adjacent carbon atom. The group L must also be removable. L can be removed under basic conditions, for example by base hydrolysis or can be removed by reduction and/or elimination. The group L is important as it serves to direct the reaction of the diazonium species with the compound of formula (XVII) but then is removed in the subsequent stages of the reaction. Preferably L is an ester group or a group COR¹⁵. More preferably, L is a group selected from: —S(O)_(p)R¹⁶ where p is 1 or 2, (R¹⁶O)₂PO, COOR¹⁶ and —COR¹⁵, wherein R¹⁵ is selected from: C₁₋₈ alkyl, di-C₁₋₈ alkylamino, C₁₋₈ alkylthio, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, (CH₂)_(n)Ph and (CH₂)_(n) heteroaryl wherein n=0, 1 or 2, each of which groups may be optionally substituted on any carbon atom by one or more groups selected independently from: halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkanoyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkanoyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulphonyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkylsulphonyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl; and R¹⁵ can be hydrogen; and wherein R¹⁶ is selected from: C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, (CH₂)_(n)Ph and (CH₂)_(n) heteroaryl wherein n=0, 1 or 2, each of which groups may be optionally substituted on any carbon atom by one or more groups selected independently from: halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkanoyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkanoyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkylsulphinyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulphonyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkylsulphonyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and C₃₋₈ halocycloalkyl; and R¹⁵ can be hydrogen. Preferably L is a group selected from COR¹⁵ and COOR¹⁶. Most preferably L is —COOMe or —COOEt.

In certain cases, the nature of the leaving group L means that the resulting intermediate is in the wrong oxidation state. Thus, where necessary, one or more reaction steps may be added to ensure the correct oxidation state is reached prior to cyclising to form the aryl pyrazole.

Ideally, for the coupling reaction to form the compound of formula (I), the solvent should be a polar solvent which does not react with either the diazonium salt or cation, or with the compound of formula (XVII). The reaction may optionally be carried out under mildly acidic conditions.

The diazonium salt of formula (XVIII) can be produced by conventional means and may be prepared in situ for further reaction or can be isolated and used in a subsequent reaction step. For example, by the dropwise addition of a solution of the corresponding aminobenzenes in glacial acetic acid to a solution of sodium nitrite in concentrated sulphuric/glacial acetic acid mixtures at reduced temperature, typically 10° C., followed by heating at 50° C. for several hours, typically 1 hour and allowing to cool to room temperature. This solution of the diazonium salt is then added dropwise to a solution of a compound of formula (XVII) in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid followed by stirring at room temperature for up to 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water and extracted with a water immiscible organic solvent such as dichloromethane. Aqueous ammonium hydroxide is added to the organic extract and stirred overnight to give compounds of formula (I). The aminobenzenes are generally commercially available. Others may be prepared by standard literature procedures. For example (XX) is readily prepared from (XIX) by chlorination using N-chlorosuccinimide in acetonitrile.

Alternatively, compounds of formula (XVII) can be obtained from compounds of formula (XXI) wherein R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and L are as defined for formula (XVII), for example, by treating a compound of formula (XXI) with a source of cyanide ions.

Compounds of the formula (XXI) can be obtained by reducing and then dehydrating a compound of formula (XXIII).

Compounds of formula (XXIII) can, for example, be made by condensation of an alkyl cyanoalkanoate e.g. methyl cyanoacetate with an acid chloride in an aprotic solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a Lewis acid, such as magnesium chloride and a mild base, such as triethylamine, at reduced temperature.

Alternatively, compounds of formula (XXI) can be accessed by Knoevenagel condensation of a suitable aldehyde, such as (XXII) or ketone with an alkyl alkanoate such as methyl cyanoacetate. Compounds of formula (XXII) in which R²=COOalkyl can be prepared by selective reduction of the malonyl esters (XXIV)

Compounds of formula (XXV) wherein L=CO₂C₁ to C₆ alkyl are synthesised by the slow addition of glycolonitrile optionally at decreased temperatures to a C₁ to C₆ alkyl cyanoacetate, in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide, followed by the addition of a base such as potassium carbonate.

In addition, variations to the Japp-Klingemann reaction, utilising standard conditions well-known to those skilled in the art, for producing compounds of formula (I) and its precursors, are also intended to fall within the scope described in the present invention. For example, coupling of an aryldiazonium species with precursors of formula (XXVI):

in the presence of a suitable base, may be useful in accessing compounds in which R⁹ is OH. These compounds may then undergo standard alkylation, acylation, carbamoylation, sulphonation and other procedures to produce, for example, the corresponding alkoxy derivatives.

Alternatively, arylpyrazoles may be prepared by the reaction of optionally substituted phenylhydrazine derivatives with compounds of formula (XXVII) or (XXVIII):

in which R¹⁷ is lower alkyl or cycloalkyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides processes for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) from alternative compounds of formula (I) through functional group interconversion. For example, saponification of a compound of (I) in which R² is a methyl ester to give the acid, may be achieved using standard ester hydrolysis conditions. A particularly useful procedure involves adding tetrahydrofuran, water and lithium hydroxide and stirring at room temperature for from 1 to 60 h or by the addition of pyridine and lithium iodide and heating at elevated temperatures for an extended period of time. This acid can be further reacted with secondary, tertiary or cyclic amine compounds or ammonia or ammonium hydroxide in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine and an activating agent, such as ethyl chloroformate, in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran to give the amide derivative. For example, to a compound of formula (I) in which R² is CO₂H in tetrahydrofuran and triethylamine, cooled to 0° C. can be added ethyl chloroformate, cyclopropylmethylamine and in tetrahydrofuran and allowed to warm to room temperature to give a compound of formula (I) in which R² is cyclopropanecarboxamide.

Compounds of formula (I), in which R² is a carboxylic acid, can be reduced by standard literature procedures, such as sodium borohydride, to give the corresponding alcohol.

Furthermore, compounds of formula (I), in which R² is a carboxylic acid, can rearrange under standard Curtius conditions to carbamates which after deprotection gave compounds of formula (I) wherein R² is NH₂.

Using standard reaction conditions, compounds of formula (I), wherein R² is an alkyl ester may be converted to amides, wherein R² is CONH₂. For example, trimethyl aluminium in hexane is added to ammonium chloride in a suitable solvent, typically toluene, at 0° C., optionally under nitrogen. After stirring for 1-2 h at room temperature, a solution of a compound of formula (I), wherein R² is COOalkyl, in a suitable solvent is added. Conversion to the amide is achieved by stirring at elevated temperature, typically 50° C. for 15-80 hours. Similarly, transesterifications may be achieved by reaction with a substituted alcohol and hydroxylamides (R² is CONHOH) prepared by reaction with hydroxylamine. Acylhydrazones and bis-acylhydrazones may be similarly prepared using literature conditions. These bis-acylhydrazones may be converted to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride in a suitable solvent. The acylhydrazones may be converted to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles by refluxng with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of an acid catalyst, typically p-toluenesulphonic acid. These 1,2,4-oxadiazoles can be hydrolysed back to the acylhydrazones by refluxing in a suitable solvent, such as methanol:dioxane mixtures, in the presence of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is an amide may undergo standard alkylation reactions with compounds of formula R¹—Y, in which Y is a suitable leaving group, to give the substituted amide. Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is an amide may undergo a functional group interconversion by refluxing with Lawesson's reagent for several hours in a suitable solvent, typically tetrahydrofuran, to produce the thioamide or be dehydrated by reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride and 1,4-dioxane in pyridine at 0° C. for several hours to give the nitrile, wherein R² is CN.

In particular, a compound of formula (XXIX), wherein R¹-R⁸ and X are as defined for formula (I), can be cyclised to (XXX) via the acid catalysed addition of an aldehyde to give the imine intermediate followed by the in situ reduction using a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is aminomethyl may be obtained via formation of the thioalkylated intermediate formed by treatment of (I) in which R² is a thioamide, with an alkylating agent such as triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, in a suitable solvent, typically dichloromethane, at 0° C. and then by being allowed to stir at room temperature for an extended period of time, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride at 0° C.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is thioamide may be reacted with haloketones or haloaldehydes to give (I) in which R² is substituted thiazole. Similarly, reaction with acylhydrazides to give compounds of formula (I) in which R² is substituted triazole.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is aminomethyl can be further treated with an acid anhydride, in a suitable solvent, typically dichloromethane and a mild base such as triethylamine and stirring at room temperature for an extended period of time, typically 60 h, to give the corresponding amide.

Furthermore compounds of formula (I) in which R² is aminomethyl can be monosulphonated or disulphonated with alkyl or aryl sulphonyl halides under standard conditions well-known to those skilled in the art.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is halo can undergo standard nucleophilic substitution reactions by refluxing with a suitable acid catalyst such as p-toluenesulphonic acid and an alkylthiol or alcohol for an extended period of time, typically from 18 hours to several days, to produce the corresponding ether or thioether respectively. Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is S-alkyl can be oxidised to the corresponding sulphines or sulphones using standard oxidizing agents, such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid or those described in “Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis—Oxidising and Reducing Agents” edited by S. D. Burke and R. L. Danheiser

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² is formyl can undergo standard literature procedures for transformation of aldehydes. For example, reaction with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride gives intermediates of formula (XXXI). These intermediates can be desilylated using tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran to give secondary alcohols of formula (XXXII)

Compounds of formula (I) in which R² contains a secondary alcohol can be oxidized, for example by stirring with Dess Martin Periodinane at room temperature for 30 minutes in a suitable solvent, typically dichloromethane, to produce the corresponding ketone. Compounds of formula (I) in which R² contains a primary alcohol can be oxidized, for example by stirring with Dess Martin Periodinane at room temperature for 30 minutes in a suitable solvent, typically dichloromethane, to produce the corresponding aldehyde, for example, R²=hydroxymethyl can be readily converted to R²=formyl. Compounds of formula (I), in which R²=hydroxymethyl can be prepared by reduction of the acids of formula (I), wherein R²=COOH. The acid can be activated by reaction with ethylchloroformate in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran; subsequent reduction can be effected using, for example, sodium borohydride.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ may be used to synthesis imines by reacting the amino functionality of formula (I) with aldehydes and an appropriate acid catalyst, typically p-toluenesulphonic acid at room temperature, for an extended period of time, typically 16 h or with aldehydes in the presence of a mild reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride and a mild base to form secondary amines. For example, a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ undergoes reaction with isonicotinaldehyde and a mild base to give the corresponding imine functionality which can be further reduced by reaction with a suitable reducing agent such as sodium borohydride to give the secondary amine. This can be further oxidized using standard procedures to give the N-oxide. Similarly, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ may be reacted with optionally substituted ketones.

N-alkylation, N-arylalkylation and N-heteroarylalkylation of compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ can also be effected by reaction with the appropriate organic halides using a strong base, such as sodium hydride in a suitable aprotic solvent, for example N-methylpyrrolidone. Reactions are stirred at room temperature for 10-25 hours, typically overnight. Those skilled in the art will recognize that using a suitable sequence of synthetic procedures both mono-N-substituted and di-N-substituted products may be obtained. More reactive alkyl halides need less severe reaction conditions. For example, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ will react with tert-butyl bromoacetate in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile in the presence of a weak base, typically potassium carbonate at elevated temperatures, typically 55° C.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ may be carbamoylated by stirring with phosgene in a suitable solvent, typically dichloromethane, in the presence of a base, such as pyridine, at 0° C. followed by reaction with a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol at room temperature for 10-30 hours, typically overnight. Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ may also be carbamoylated by reacting with chloroformates using standard literature conditions.

Reductive amination of compounds in which R⁹=NH₂ can also be achieved with protected aldehydes, such as (XXXIII)

The t-BOC protecting group can be removed using standard procedures such as stirring with trifluoroacetic acid in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane for several hours, usually 2 hours, at room temperatures yielding compounds of formula (XXXIV)

The primary amine in compounds of formula (XXXIV) can be alkylated, acylated and sulphonylated using classical literature procedures. Typical sulphonylation procedures are reaction with a sulphonyl chloride in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane, in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine.

Reductive amination of compounds in which R⁹=NH₂ can also be achieved with protected aldehydes, such as (XXXV). The t-BOC protecting group can be removed using trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂, can undergo reaction with triethyl orthoformate in acidic conditions, by heating at elevated temperatures, typically 60° C., for several hours, typically from 2 to 4 hours, to give (I) in which R⁹ is N═CHOC₂H₅. This can, in turn, be further reduced by a suitable reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride, to give a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —NHCH₃. Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ may be functionalised in a similar manner

A compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is H, may be prepared by the diazotisation of a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ by a variety of standard diazotisation procedures.

In a similar manner, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —S-alkyl, may be formed by coupling the diazonium species formed from a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂ and an appropriate nucleophile such as (alkylS)₂. Furthermore, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is S-alkyl may be oxidised, using standard oxidising agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, to give the corresponding sulphines and sulphones.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is NH₂, can be converted to give a compound of formula (I) wherein R⁹ is halo, utilising standard Sandmeyer reaction conditions. These halo compounds may be used in standard organometallic coupling procedures, for example in the preparation of a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹=—CF₃.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is CH₂Y or N-alkyl-Y, in which Y is a suitable leaving group such as halo, may, in the presence of a suitable base, undergo a wide range of nucleophilic substitution reactions well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such nucleophiles are cyanide ion, alcohols, phenols, thiols, primary and secondary amines and heterocycles such as 1,2,4-triazole. A typical leaving group is the mesyl group; such compounds are prepared from compounds in which Y═OH by reaction with methane sulphonyl chloride in acetonitrile in the presence of triethylamine.

Furthermore, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —NH₂ or aminoalkyl can be monosulphonated or disulphonated with alkyl or aryl sulphonyl halides under standard conditions well-known to those skilled in the art, to give the corresponding sulphonamides.

Furthermore, compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —NH₂ or aminoalkyl can be acylated under standard conditions well known to those skilled in the art. The resulting amides can be reduced to amines by reaction with phosphorus pentachloride in toluene at reflux, cooling to room temperature and pouring into sodium borohydride in a polar hydroxylic solvent, such as methanol.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —NH₂, may also be converted to compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is —CH₃ or —CHF₂ as shown in Scheme 3 below. Firstly, compounds (XXXVI) may be converted to (XXXVII) by the radical arylation of methyl acrylate with the corresponding diazonium salts. Compounds of formula (XXXVII) can be dehydrobrominated using standard conditions by stirring with base, such as DBU, for several hours, to give enones, (XXXVIII). Conversion of (XXXVIII) to (XXXIX) can be achieved via diol formation, utilising OsO₄, followed by oxidative cleavage, using an oxidising agent such as sodium periodate, to generate the aldehyde. Aldehydes of formula (XXXIX) may be reduced to give alcohols of formula (XL) by stirring with a reducing agent, typically sodium borohydride or reacted further with a halogenating reagent such as diethylaminosulfur trifluoride to obtain a compound of formula (I) in which R⁹ is difluoromethyl. Reaction of (XL) with thionyl chloride and heating at reflux for several hours gives the intermediate chloro derivative from compounds of formula (XLI) may then be obtained by reduction, for example using Rieke zinc.

Compounds of formula (XXXIX) and (XL) may be used to prepare compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ encompasses a wide variety of carbon linked substituents. Also, in (XL), activation of the hydroxyl, such as by mesylation or tosylation, gives an intermediate that undergoes a wide range of nucleophilic substitution reactions. Compounds of formula (XL) can also be acylated and alkylated using standard literature procedures. For example by reaction with an alkyl halide, such as iodomethane, in a suitable solvent, typically acetonitrile, in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate at room temperature for several days, typically 5 days. The aldehyde, (XXXIX) may be readily converted to the acid, nitrile, esters, amides and thioamides under standard conditions well-known to those skilled in the art. Standard Wittig olefination of the aldehyde (XXXIX) may be followed by routine cyclopropanation procedures to give compounds in which R⁹ is substituted cyclopropyl. For example, methylenation may be achieved using the Wittig reaction, using a Peterson reagent, using a Tebbe reagent or using the Lombardt procedure. A typical Wittig reaction involves adding n-butyllithium in hexane to a solution of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. followed by addition of a solution of an aldehyde of formula (XXIX) in tetrahydrofuran giving compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹=vinyl.

Organometallic addition to the aldehyde, (XXXIX), followed by oxidation of the secondary alcohol, then Wittig olefination and cyclopropanation may be used to prepare compounds of formula (XLII), for example wherein R¹²=—CF₃.

Alternatively, organometallic addition to the aldehyde, (XXXIX), followed by elimination of the hydroxyl group using standard procedures such as reaction with SOCl₂ in the presence of a zinc catalyst, may be a means to generate compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. Compounds of formula (XXXIX) may also undergo standard Knovenagel type reactions, followed by reduction and partial hydrolysis and heating at elevated temperature to give the corresponding ester derivative which may be further derivatised. Alternatively, methylenation of compounds of formula (XXXIX) may be readily achieved utilising standard known reactions such as the Wittig or the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The resulting compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is vinyl, may be hydroxylated using standard conditions such as by reaction with hydrogen peroxide and a suitable base to give compounds in which R⁹ is —CH₂CH₂OH. These compounds can, in turn, be further oxidised to give the corresponding aldehydes and acids, i.e. where R⁹ is —CH₂CHO or —CH₂COOH. These aldehydes undergo reactions well known to those skilled in the art, such as Wittig olefination and reductive amination. The acids undergo the Curtius rearrangement to give compounds of formula (I), in which R⁹ is —CH₂NH₂, which may be alkylated, acylated, sulphonylated and other electrophiles. Furthermore, compounds in which R⁹ is —CH₂CH₂OH may be activated for example by the addition of SOCl₂ or TsCl and further reacted with a wide range of nucleophiles such as ⁻CN, ⁻SR or ⁻OR to achieve the corresponding alkylated derivative.

Alternatively, standard known catalysed cross coupling reactions, such as the Heck reaction, may be employed to generate compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is substituted vinyl from the vinyl derivative.

Oxidation of compounds of formula (XXXIX) using standard reaction conditions followed by further derivatisation of the acid formed may be a means of accessing compounds of formula (I) in which R⁹ is a heterocyclic moiety. For example, the oxidised product may undergo reaction with substituted acyl hydrazides to give oxadiazoles. Those skilled in the art will recognise that a wide variety of optionally substituted heterocycles may be synthesised from the aldehydes (XXXIX) or the corresponding acids. These acids may also be derivatised using standard literature procedures.

A compound of formula (I) in which R⁸ is —C(O)SCH₃ may be prepared from (I) R⁸=—CN by the acid catalysed addition of methanethiol by heating under pressure at elevated temperatures, typically 80° C. for several hours, typically 16. Compounds of formula (I) in which R⁸ is —CN may undergo reactions of nitriles as recorded in organic chemistry textbooks and literature precedent.

It will also be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that, within certain of the processes described, the order of the synthetic steps employed may be varied and will depend inter alia on factors such as the nature of other functional groups present in a particular substrate, the availability of key intermediates, and the protecting group strategy (if any) to be adopted. Clearly, such factors will also influence the choice of reagent for use in the said synthetic steps.

The skilled person will appreciate that the compounds of the invention could be made by methods other than those herein described, by adaptation of the methods herein described and/or adaptation of methods known in the art, for example the art described herein, or using standard textbooks such as “Comprehensive Organic Transformations—A Guide to Functional Group Transformations”, RC Larock, Wiley-VCH (1999 or later editions).

It is to be understood that the synthetic transformation methods mentioned herein are exemplary only and they may be carried out in various different sequences in order that the desired compounds can be efficiently assembled. The skilled chemist will exercise his judgement and skill as to the most efficient sequence of reactions for synthesis of a given target compound.

The present invention also relates to intermediates of formula (L) below:

where:

-   R¹-R⁸, X, R^(c), R^(d), n, R¹¹ and het are all as defined for     formula (I) above; or a pharmaceutical salt or a prodrug thereof.     With reference to formula (L), suitably R^(c)=R^(d)=methyl.

The present invention also relates to further intermediates of formula (LI) below:

where:

-   R¹-R⁸, X, n, R¹¹ and het are all as defined for formula (LI) above;     where R⁵⁰ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈     cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl,     C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, het, phenyl and S(O)_(n)R¹¹; or a pharmaceutical     salt or a prodrug thereof. With reference to formula (IZ), suitably     R⁵⁰ is methyl.

It will be understood that throughout the application all references to formula (I) apply equally to compounds of the formulas (L) and (LI). Furthermore, it will be understood that all the suitable groups and preferences applied to R¹-R⁸, X, R^(c), R^(d), n, R¹¹ and het above for formula (I) apply equally to compounds of the formulas (L) and (LI).

This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, which may be adapted for oral, parenteral or topical administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the delivery of compounds of the present invention and methods for their preparation will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such compositions and methods for their preparation may be found, for example, in ‘Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences’, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing Company, 1995).

The compounds may be administered alone or in a formulation appropriate to the specific use envisaged, the particular species of host mammal being treated and the parasite involved or as appropriate for the agricultural pest being treated and the crop designated for treatment. Generally, they will be administered as a formulation in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The term “excipient” is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the compound(s) of the invention. The choice of excipient will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form.

Compounds of the invention intended for pharmaceutical use may be administered as crystalline or amorphous products, for example, spray-dried dispersions or as produced by melt-extrusion or nano-milling. They may be obtained, for example, as solid plugs, powders, or films (for example, rapid dissolving or mucoadhesive films) by methods such as precipitation, crystallization, freeze drying, or spray drying, or evaporative drying. Microwave or radio frequency drying may be used for this purpose.

The methods by which the compounds may be administered include oral administration by capsule, bolus, tablet, powders, lozenges, chews, multi and nanoparticulates, gels, solid solution, films, sprays, or liquid formulation. Liquid forms include suspensions, solutions, syrups, drenches and elixirs. Such formulations may be employed as fillers in soft or hard capsules and typically comprise a carrier, for example, water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methylcellulose, or a suitable oil, and one or more emulsifying agents and/or suspending agents. Liquid formulations may also be prepared by the reconstitution of a solid, for example, from a sachet. Oral drenches are commonly prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable medium.

Thus compositions useful for oral administration may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable finely divided diluent and/or disintegrating agent and/or binder, and/or lubricant etc. Other possible ingredients include anti-oxidants, colourants, flavouring agents, preservatives and taste-masking agents.

For oral dosage forms, depending on dose, the drug may make up from 1 wt % to 80 wt % of the dosage form, more typically from 5 wt % to 60 wt % of the dosage form. Examples of suitable disintegrants for use herein include sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, lower alkyl-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinised starch and sodium alginate. Generally, the disintegrant will comprise from 1 wt % to 25 wt %, preferably from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of the dosage form.

Binders are generally used to impart cohesive qualities to a tablet formulation. Examples of suitable binders for use herein include microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol, natural and synthetic gums, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinised starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Examples of diluents include lactose (monohydrate, spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and the like), mannitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starch and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.

Oral formulations may also optionally comprise surface active agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80, and glidants such as silicon dioxide and talc. When present, surface active agents may comprise from 0.2 wt % to 5 wt % of the tablet, and glidants may comprise from 0.2 wt % to 1 wt % of the tablet.

Lubricants include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and mixtures of magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulphate. Lubricants generally comprise from 0.25 wt % to 10 wt %, preferably from 0.5 wt % to 3 wt % of the tablet.

Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% drug, from about 10 wt % to about 90 wt % binder, from about 0 wt % to about 85 wt % diluent, from about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % disintegrant, and from about 0.25 wt % to about 10 wt % lubricant.

The formulation of tablets is discussed in “Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Vol. 1”, by H. Lieberman and L. Lachman, Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y., 1980 (ISBN 0-8247-6918-X).

The compounds may be administered topically to the skin, that is dermally or transdermally. The compounds may also be administered via the mucosa or mucous membranes. Typical formulations for this purpose include pour-on, spot-on, dip, spray, mousse, shampoo, powder formulation, gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, foams, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibres, bandages and microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used. Typical carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Penetration enhancers may be incorporated-see, for example, J Pharm Sci, 88 (10), 955-958 by Finnin and Morgan (October 1999). Pour-on or spot-on formulations may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in an acceptable liquid carrier vehicle such as butyl digol, liquid paraffin or a non-volatile ester, optionally with the addition of a volatile component such as propan-2-ol. Alternatively, pour-on, spot-on or spray formulations can be prepared by encapsulation, to leave a residue of active agent on the surface of the animal.

Injectable formulations may be prepared in the form of a sterile solution which may contain other substances, for example enough salts or glucose to make the solution isotonic with blood. Acceptable liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as sesame oil, glycerides such as triacetin, esters such as benzyl benzoate, isopropyl myristate and fatty acid derivatives of propylene glycol, as well as organic solvents such as pyrrolidin-2-one and glycerol formal. The formulations are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier such that the final formulation contains from 0.01 to 10% by weight of the active ingredient. These formulations may be self-preserving, self-sterilising or may be non-sterile to which preservatives may be optionally added.

Equally suitably the compounds can be administered parenterally, or by injection directly into the blood stream, muscle or into an internal organ. Suitable routes for parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular and subcutaneous. Suitable devices for parenteral administration include needle (including microneedle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques. Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which may contain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (preferably to a pH of from 3 to 9), but, for some applications, they may be more suitably formulated as a sterile non-aqueous solution or as powdered a dried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free water. The preparation of parenteral formulations under sterile conditions, for example, by lyophilisation, may readily be accomplished using standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The solubility of compounds of formula (I) used in the preparation of parenteral solutions may be increased by the use of appropriate formulation techniques, such as the incorporation of solubility-enhancing agents.

Such formulations are prepared in a conventional manner in accordance with standard medicinal or veterinary practice.

These formulations will vary with regard to the weight of active compound contained therein, depending on the species of host animal to be treated, the severity and type of infection and the body weight of the host. For parenteral, topical and oral administration, typical dose ranges of the active ingredient are 0.01 to 100 mg per kg of body weight of the animal. Preferably the range is 0.1 to 10 mg per kg.

Formulations may be immediate or be designed to have a controlled or modified release profile. Modified release formulations include those formulations which have a delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, targeted, or programmed release. Suitable modified release formulations for the purposes of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,864. Details of other suitable release technologies such as high energy dispersions and osmotic and coated particles are to be found in Verma et al, Pharmaceutical Technology On-line, 25(2), 1-14 (2001). The use of chewing gum to achieve controlled release is described in WO 00/35298. Alternatively, compounds of the invention may be formulated as a solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid for administration as an implanted depot providing modified release of the active compound. Examples of such formulations include drug-coated stents and PGLA microspheres.

As an alternative the compounds may be administered to a non-human animal with the feedstuff and for this purpose a concentrated feed additive or premix may be prepared for mixing with the normal animal feed.

All aqueous dispersions, emulsions or spraying mixtures of the present invention can be applied, for example, to crops by any suitable means, chiefly by spraying, at rates which are generally of the order of about 100 to about 1,200 liters of spraying mixture per hectare, but may be higher or lower (eg. low or ultra-low volume) depending upon the need or application technique. The compounds or compositions according to the invention are conveniently applied to vegetation and in particular to roots or leaves having pests to be eliminated. Another method of application of the compounds or compositions according to the invention is by chemigation, that is to say, the addition of a formulation containing the active ingredient to irrigation water. This irrigation may be sprinkler irrigation for foliar pesticides or it can be ground irrigation or underground irrigation for soil or for systemic pesticides.

Concentrated suspensions, which can be applied by spraying, are prepared so as to produce a stable fluid product which does not settle (fine grinding) and usually contain from about 10 to about 75% by weight of active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30% of surface-active agents, from about 0.1 to about 10% of thixotropic agents, from about 0 to about 30% of suitable additives, such as anti-foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, penetrating agents, adhesives and, as the carrier, water or an organic liquid in which the active ingredient is poorly soluble or insoluble Some organic solids or inorganic salts may be dissolved in the carrier to help prevent settling or as antifreezes for water.

Wettable powers (or powder for spraying) are usually prepared so that they contain from about 10 to about 80% by weight of active ingredient, from about 20 to about 90% of a solid carrier, from about 0 to about 5% of a wetting agent, from about 3 to about 10% of a dispersing agent and, when necessary, from about 0 to about 80% of one or more stabilizers and/or other additives, such as penetrating agents, adhesives, anti-caking agents, colorants, or the like. To obtain these wettable powders, the active ingredient(s) is(are) thoroughly mixed in a suitable blender with additional substances which may be impregnated on the porous filler and is(are) ground using a mill or other suitable grinder. This produces wettable powders, the wettability and the suspendability of which are advantageous. They may be suspended in water to give any desired concentration and this suspension can be employed very advantageously in particular for application to plant foliage.

“Water dispersible granules (WG)” (granules which are readily dispersible in water) have compositions which are substantially close to that of the wettable powders. They may be prepared by granulation of formulations described for the wettable powders, either by a wet route (contacting finely divided active ingredient with the inert filler and a little water, e.g. 1 to 20% by weight, or with an aqueous solution of a dispersing agent or binder, followed by drying and screening), or by a dry route (compacting followed by grinding and screening).

The rates and concentrations of the formulated compositions may vary according to the method of application or the nature of the compositions or use thereof. Generally speaking, the compositions for application to control arthropod, plant nematode, helminth or protozoan pests usually contain from about 0.00001% to about 95%, more particularly from about 0.0005% to about 50% by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof, or of total active ingredients (that is to say the compound of formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof, together with: other substances toxic to arthropods or plant nematodes, anthelmintics, anticoccidials, synergists, trace elements or stabilizers). The actual compositions employed and their rate of application will be selected to achieve the desired effect(s) by the farmer, livestock producer, medical or veterinary practitioner, pest control operator or other person skilled in the art.

The compounds of the invention may be combined with soluble macromolecular entities, such as cyclodextrin and suitable derivatives thereof or polyethylene glycol-containing polymers, in order to improve their solubility, dissolution rate, taste-masking, bioavailability and/or stability for use in any of the aforementioned modes of administration.

Drug-cyclodextrin complexes, for example, are found to be generally useful for most dosage forms and administration routes. Both inclusion and non-inclusion complexes may be used. As an alternative to direct complexation with the drug, the cyclodextrin may be used as an auxiliary additive, i.e. as a carrier, diluent, or solubiliser. Most commonly used for these purposes are alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins, examples of which may be found in International Patent Applications Nos. WO 91/11172, WO 94/02518 and WO 98/55148.

Compounds of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other compounds of the invention or in combination with one or more other drugs (or as any combination thereof). For example, compounds of the invention can also be mixed with one or more biologically active compounds or agents including insecticides, acaricides, anthelmintics, fungicides, nematocides, antiprotozoals, bactericides, growth regulators, vaccines (including live, attenuated or killed vaccines), entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses or fungi to form a multi-component pesticide giving an even broader spectrum of pharmaceutical, veterinary or agricultural utility. Thus, the present invention also pertains to a composition comprising a biologically effective amount of compounds of the invention and an effective amount of at least one additional biologically active compound or agent and can further comprise one or more of surfactant, a solid diluent or a liquid diluent. Specific further active compounds include those described in International Patent Application No WO 2005/090313, at pages 39 to 44.

Inasmuch as it may desirable to administer a combination of active compounds, for example, for the purpose of treating a particular disease or condition, it is within the scope of the present invention that two or more pharmaceutical compositions, at least one of which contains a compound in accordance with the invention, may conveniently be combined in the form of a kit suitable for coadministration of the compositions.

Thus this invention also relates to a kit comprising two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions, at least one of which contains a compound of formula (I) in accordance with the invention, and means for separately retaining said compositions, such as a container, divided bottle, or divided foil packet. An example of such a kit is the familiar blister pack used for the packaging of tablets, capsules and the like.

The kit of the invention is particularly suitable for administering different dosage forms, for example, oral and parenteral, for administering the separate compositions at different dosage intervals, or for titrating the separate compositions against one another. To assist compliance, the kit typically comprises directions for administration and may be provided with a so-called memory aid.

The compounds of the invention, i.e. those of formula (I), possess parasiticidal activity in humans, animals, insects and plants. They are particularly useful in the treatment of ectoparasites.

This invention also relates to a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the foregoing, for use as a medicament.

A further aspect of this invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a parasitic infestation.

As used herein the term “long duration of action” shall be taken to mean compounds which have a duration of action of 14 days or greater, more preferably of 21 days or greater and most preferably of 28 days or greater.

In one embodiment this invention is useful for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a parasitic infestation in humans.

In one embodiment this invention is useful for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a parasitic infestation in animals.

An even further aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating a parasitic infestation which comprises treating an animal with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the foregoing.

A yet further aspect of this invention relates to a method of preventing a parasitic infestation which comprises treating an animal with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the foregoing.

In a still further embodiment this invention also relates to a method of controlling disease transmission between animals which comprises treating an animal with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the foregoing.

In one embodiment this invention is useful for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a parasitic infestation in plants.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the control of arthropod, plant nematode or helminth pests at a locus which comprises the treatment of the locus (e.g.

by application or administration) with an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof.

According to a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the control or eradication of a parasitic infestation from the environment, for example the living or accommodation areas of an animal, particularly a companion animal, which comprises treating said animal with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of either entity, or a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the foregoing.

For the avoidance of doubt, references herein to “treatment” as used herein includes references to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment, references to “control” (of parasites and/or pests etc.) include kill, repel, expel, incapacitate, deter, eliminate, alleviate, minimise, eradicate.

The compounds of the invention have utility in the control of arthropod pests. They may have activity against resistant strains where control is not achievable by known parasiticides or combinations thereof.

They may, in particular, be used in the fields of veterinary medicine, livestock husbandry and the maintenance of public health: against arthropods which are parasitic internally or externally upon humans and animals, including mammals, poultry and fish. Examples of mammals include domestic animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, equines, and swine. Examples of arthropods include Acarina, including ticks (e.g. Ixodes spp., Boophilus spp. e.g. Boophilus microplus, Amblyomma spp., Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. e.g. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Haemaphysalis spp., Dermacentor spp., Ornithodorus spp. (e.g. Omithodorus moubata), mites (e.g. Damalinia spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Sarcoptes spp. e.g. Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Demodex spp.,Eutrombicula spp.); Diptera (e.g. Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Muscidae spp. e.g. Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma spp., Gastrophilus spp., Simulium spp.); Hemiptera (e.g. Triatoma spp.); Phthiraptera (e.g. Damalinia spp., Linognathus spp.); Siphonaptera (e.g. Ctenocephalides spp.); Dictyoptera (e.g. Periplaneta spp., Blatella spp.) and Hymenoptera (e.g. Monomorium pharaonis). The compounds of the present invention also have utility in the field of control of plant pests, soil inhabiting pests and other environmental pests. Specific further arthropod pests include those described in International Patent Application No. WO 2005/090313, particularly on pages 57-63.

The present invention is particularly useful in the control of arthropod pests in humans and animals, particularly mammals. Preferably this invention is useful in the control of arthropod pests in animals which includes livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, equines, swine and companion animals such as dogs and cats.

The host animal may also be a non-mammal, such as a bird or a fish.

The compounds of the invention are of particular value in the control of arthropods which are injurious to, or spread or act as vectors of diseases in, man and domestic animals, for example those hereinbefore mentioned, and more especially in the control of ticks, mites, lice, fleas, midges and biting, nuisance and myiasis flies. They are particularly useful in controlling arthropods which are present inside domestic host animals or which feed in or on the skin or suck the blood of the animal, for which purpose they may be administered orally, parenterally, percutaneously or topically.

The compounds of the invention are of value for the treatment and control of the various lifecycle stages of parasites including egg, nymph, larvae, juvenile and adult stages.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the control of arthropod pests of insects which comprises treatment of the insect with an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof. Compounds of the present invention may also be used for the treatment of infections caused by mites, and in particular varoaa mites. In particular compounds of the present invention may also be used for the treatment of varoaa mite infection in bees.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the control of arthropod pests of plants which comprises treatment of the plant with an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of the invention also have utility in the control of arthropod pests of plants. The active compound is generally applied to the locus at which the arthropod infestation is to be controlled at a rate of about 0.005 kg to about 25 kg of active compound per hectare (ha) of locus treated, preferably 0.02 to 2 kg/ha. Under ideal conditions, depending on the pest to be controlled, the lower rate may offer adequate protection. On the other hand, adverse weather conditions and other factors may require that the active ingredient be used in higher proportions.

For foliar application, a rate of 0.01 to 1 kg/ha may be used. Preferably, the locus is the plant surface, or the soil around the plant to be treated.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the protection of timber which comprises treatment of the timber with an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof. Compounds of the present invention are also valuable in the protection of timber (standing, felled, converted, stored or structural) from attack by sawflies or beetles or termites. They have applications in the protection of stored products such as grains, fruits, nuts, spices and tobacco, whether whole, milled or compounded into products, from moth, beetle and mite attack. Also protected are stored animal products such as skins, hair, wool and feathers in natural or converted form (e.g. as carpets or textiles) from moth and beetle attack; also stored meat and fish from beetle, mite and fly attack. Solid or liquid compositions for application topically to timber, stored products or household goods usually contain from about 0.00005% to about 90%, more particularly from about 0.001% to about 10%, by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.

The liquid compositions of this invention may, in addition to normal agricultural use applications be used for example to treat substrates or sites infested or liable to infestation by arthropods (or other pests controlled by compounds of this invention) including premises, outdoor or indoor storage or processing areas, containers or equipment or standing or running water.

The present invention also relates to a method of cleaning animals in good health comprising the application to the animal of compound of formula (I) or a veterinarily acceptable salt. The purpose of such cleaning is to reduce or eliminate the infestation of humans with parasites carried by the animal and to improve the environment in which humans inhabit.

The compounds described herein above may advantageously be used in combination with one or more additional antiparasitic agents. Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides for a method of treating a parasitic infestation in a host animal, comprising administering to said host animal a therapeutically effective amounts of two active agents, wherein the first agent is a compound of formula (LX) or is selected from:

-   pyridin-2-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(13-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   pyridin-4-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3,5-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-cyclopropylethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3-cyanobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl{4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   4-[({4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   allyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-methoxybenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-methylbenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,5-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,3-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,6-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2,4-difluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   3-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-chlorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-phenylethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   2-methoxyethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-(3-cyano-5-{[(22-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   ethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; -   cyclopropylmethyl     {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate;     and -   1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

The second active component may be selected from the macrocyclic lactone class of compounds (such as ivermectin, avermectin, abamectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, selamectin, moxidectin, nemadectin, milbemycin and milbemycin derivatives), benzimidazoles (such as albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole and parbendazole), imidazothiazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines (such as tetramisole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel or morantel), derivatives and analogues of the paraherquamide/marcfortine class of anthelmintic agents, nitroscanate, antiparasitic oxazolines (such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,855, U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,771 and DE-19520936), derivatives and analogues of the general class of dioxomorpholine antiparasitic agents as described in WO-9615121, cyclic depsipeptides (such as those described in WO-9611945, WO-9319053, WO-9325543, EP-626375, EP-382173, WO-9419334, EP-382173, and EP-503538, and particularly emodepside), fipronil; pyrethroids; organophosphates; insect growth regulators (such as lufenuron); ecdysone agonists (such as tebufenozide and the like); spinosyns (such as Spinosad), amidoacetonitriles (such as those disclosed in WO-2005044784), and neonicotinoids (such as imidacloprid and the like). Optionally, a third active component chosen from this list may also be used.

In a preferred embodiment, the second component has anthelmintic activity.

In another preferred embodiment, the second component is a macrocyclic lactone selected from ivermectin, avermectin, abamectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, selamectin, moxidectin, nemadectin, milbemycin and milbemycin derivatives.

In a more preferred embodiment, the second component is a milbemycin or milbemycin derivative.

Milbemycins are a family of macrolides originally isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. For example, see A. Aoki et al., DE 2329486 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,360, both assigned to Sankyo. Milbemycins for use in the present invention may be obtained by a fermentation process or by total synthesis, or by synthetic modification of a fermentation product. Examples of milbemycins include milbemycin A₃, milbemycin A₄ and milbemycin D.

Preferred milbemycins include milbemycin A₃ and milbemycin A₄, and mixtures thereof. A particularly preferred mixture is milbemectin, which comprises milbemycin A₃ and milbemycin A₄ in a 3:7 ratio.

Milbemycin derivatives are compounds that can be prepared by synthetic modification of milbemycins. A preferred milbemycin derivative is milbemycin oxime, described in J. Ide et al., EP 110667 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,520, both assigned to Sankyo, which is a mixture of two components, milbemycin A₃ oxime and milbemycin A₄ oxime, in a ratio of approximately 2:8.

The two components may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.

As used herein, simultaneous administration means the administration of both components to the host animal in a single action, which requires the two components to be incorporated into a single dosage unit, such as a single tablet or a single pour-on solution.

Sequential administration means the administration of each component is a separate action, but the two actions are linked. For example, administering a tablet comprising one component and a second tablet comprising the second component is considered to be sequential administration, even if the two tablets are given to the host animal at the same time.

Separate administration refers to the administration of each component independently of the other.

For convenience, simultaneous administration may be preferable.

The components may be administered by any suitable route. Examples of suitable routes of administration include oral, topical and parenteral administration. The choice of the route will depend on the species of the host animal and the nature of the parasitic infestation. For example, oral administration might be preferred in the case of a human or companion animal host, while topical administration might be more convenient for treating large numbers of livestock animals such as a herd of cattle. Where the two components are administered sequentially or separately then they may both be given by the same route, or they may be administered by different routes.

For simultaneous administration the two components are combined into a single pharmaceutical composition. The composition may be formulated according to any of the methods described above.

A preferred formulation for treating parasitic infestations in companion animals, including dogs and cats, is a solid dosage form for oral administration. Particularly preferred is a tablet. Tablets may be obtained by compression of a pre-mix comprising the two components and suitable excipients into a single layer, or by compression of two or more premixes so as to give a bilayer tablet wherein each layer may contain only a single component.

Each component may be pre-formulated before inclusion into the mixture for compression. For example, it may be preferable to formulate the arylpyrazole component as a spray-dried dispersion in a suitable matrix before tabletting. Suitable matrices include cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS).

The invention also relates to a kit comprising two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions, at least one of which contains a compound of formula (I) and one contains a milbemycin or milbemycin derivative, and means for separately retaining said compositions, such as a container, divided bottle, or divided foil packet. An example of such a kit is the familiar blister pack used for the packaging of tablets, capsules and the like.

The kit of the invention is particularly suitable for administering different dosage forms, for example, oral and parenteral, for administering the separate compositions at different dosage intervals, or for titrating the separate compositions against one another. To assist compliance, the kit typically comprises directions for administration and may be provided with a so-called memory aid.

The flea membrane feed test is used to measure the biological activities of the compounds claimed. The assay involves in vitro testing against Ctenocephalides felis conducted according to the following general procedure.

Fleas are cultured in vitro using dog blood. 25-30 adult Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) were collected and placed in a test chamber (50 ml polystyrene tube with fine nylon mesh sealing the end). Citrated dog blood was prepared by adding aqueous sodium citrate solution (10 ml, 20% w/v, 20 g sodium citrate in 100 ml water) to dog blood (250 ml). Test compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to give a working stock solution of 4 mg/ml. The stock solution (12.5 III) was added to citrated dog blood (5 ml) to give an initial test concentration of 10 μg/ml. For testing at 30 μg/ml, working stock solutions of 12 mg/ml were prepared.

Citrated dog blood containing the test compound (5 ml, 100 μg/ml) was placed into a plastic Petri dish lid, which was kept at 37° C. on a heated pad. Parafilm was stretched over the open top to form a tight membrane for the fleas to feed through. The test chamber containing the fleas was placed carefully onto the parafilm membrane and the fleas commenced feeding.

The fleas were allowed to feed for 2 hours and the test chambers were then removed and stored overnight at room temperature.

The fleas were observed and the percentage of fleas killed recorded. Compounds were initially tested at 100 μg/ml, wherefrom relevant dose responses (100, 30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1 μg/ml) were conducted and repeated n=5. Data was plotted to generate ED80, ED90 & ED95 values.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples illustrate the preparation of compounds of the formula (I).

In the following experimental details, nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data were obtained using Varian Inova 300, Varian Inova 400, Varian Mercury 400, Varian Unityplus 400, Bruker AC 300 MHz, Bruker AM 250 MHz or Varian T60 MHz spectrometers, the observed chemical shifts being consistent with the proposed structures. Mass spectral data were obtained on a Finnigan Masslab Navigator, a Fisons Instrument Trio 1000, or a Hewlett Packard GCMS System Model 5971 spectrometer. The calculated and observed ions quoted refer to the isotopic composition of lowest mass. HPLC means high performance liquid chromatography. Room temperature means 20 to 25° C.

When the source of a simple precursor is unspecified the compound may be obtained from commercial suppliers or according to literature procedures. The following is a list of commercial suppliers for such compounds:

-   Sigma-Aldrich, P O Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo., 63178, USA -   Lancaster Synthesis Ltd., Newgate, White Lund, Morecambe,     Lancashire, LA3 3BN, UK -   Maybridge, Trevillett, Tintagel, Cornwall, PL34 0HW, UK -   Fluorochem Ltd., Wesley Street, Old Glossop, Derbyshire, SK13 7RY,     UK -   ASDI Inc, 601 Interchange Blvd., Newark, Del., 19711, USA -   Alfa Aesar, 26 Parkridge Road, Ward Hill, Mass., 01835, USA -   Bionet Research Ltd., Highfield Industrial Estate, Camelford,     Cornwall, PL32 9QZ, UK -   Acros Organics, Janssens Pharmaceuticalaan 3A, Geel, 2440, Belgium -   Apin Chemicals Ltd., 3D Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14     4RU, UK -   Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc., 172 East Aurora Street, Waterbury, Conn.     06708, USA -   Trans World Chemicals, Inc., 14674 Southlawn Lane, Rockville, Md.     20850, USA -   Peakdale Molecular Ltd., Peakdale Science Park, Sheffield Road,     Chapel-en-le-Frith, High Peak, SK23 OPG, UK -   TCI America, 9211 N. Harborgate Street, Portland, Oreg. 97203, USA -   Fluka Chemie GmbH, Industriestrasse 25, P.O. Box 260, CH-9471 Buchs,     Switzerland -   JRD Fluorochemicals Ltd., Unit 11, Mole Business Park, Leatherhead,     Surrey, KT22 7BA, UK     Instruments Used

In the following experimental details, nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data were obtained using Varian Inova 300, Varian Inova 400, Varian Mercury 400, Varian Unityplus 400, Bruker AC 300 MHz, Bruker AM 250 MHz or Varian T60 MHz spectrometers, the observed chemical shifts being consistent with the proposed structures. N.m.r chemical shifts are quoted in p.p.m downfield from tetramethylsilane.

Mass spectral data were obtained on a Finnigan ThermoQuest Aqa, a Waters micromass ZQ, Bruker APEX II FT-MS or a Hewlett Packard GCMS System Model 5971 spectrometer. The calculated and observed ions quoted refer to the isotopic composition of lowest mass. HPLC means high performance liquid chromatography. Analytical HPLC data was collected on a HP1100 Series HPLC system.

reparative HPLC data was collected using a Gilson Preparative HPCL system.

Example 1 Pyridin-2-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 52 (239 mg, 0.4 mmol) and triethylamine (0.3 ml, 2.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml), at 0° C. and under nitrogen, was added ethyl chloroformate (0.1 ml, 1.2 mmol).

The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, before addition of aqueous ammonia solution (0.2 ml, 4.0 mmol).

The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h and then diluted with water (3 ml) and diethyl ether (3 ml). The two layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (3 ml). The combined extracts were concentrated under nitrogen and the residue was dried in vacuo.

The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 ml), with 2-3 drops of dimethyl sulphoxide, and purified by automated preparative liquid chromatography (Gilson system, 150 mm×30 mm LUNA C18(2) 10 μm column, 40 ml/min) using an acetonitrile:water gradient [50:50 (up to 20 min) to 98:2 (over 0.5 min) then 98:2 (for 3 min)]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (5 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 597.0; expected 597.0 ¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.11-1.15 (2H), 1.48-1.53 (2H), 5.12-5.14 (2H), 6.30-6.40 (2H), 7.20-7.26 (2H), 7.70-7.74 (1H), 8.21-8.23 (2H), 8.43-8.46 (1H) Flea feed ED₈₀>1 μg/ml

Similarly Prepared Were:

Flea MH⁺ Feed Found/ ED₉₅ From Example R1 R3 R4 Re Rf Expected μg/ml Prep 2 SF₅ H H H

542.1 542.0 0.84 48 3 SF₅ H H H

558.9 559.0 1.7 49 4 SF₅ H H H

596.9 597.0 ED₈₀3 104 5 SF₅ H H H

632.2 632.0 0.27 50 6 SF₅ H H H

613.7 614.0 0.37 47 7 SF₅ H H H

595.7 596.0 0.35 51 8 SF₅ F F H

596.0 596.0 0.38 53 9 SF₅ H H H

541.0 541.0 0.93 54 10 CF₃O F F H

554.1 554.0 1 55 11 SF₅ F F H

570.1 570.0 0.25 56 12 SF₅ Cl Cl H

627.9 628.0 1 57 13 SF₅ H H H

574.0 574.1 0.34 58 14 SF₅ H H H

598.0 598.0 0.14 59 15 SF₅ H H H

621.0 621.0 0.21 60 16 SF₅ H H H

614.1 614.1 0.13 61 17 SF₅ H H H

627.9 628.0 0.26 62 18 SF₅ H H H

596.0 596.0 0.44 63 19 SF₅ H H H

577.1 577.0 0.48 64 20 SF₅ H H H

595.1 595.1 0.87 65 21 SF₅ H H H

595.1 595.0 0.37 66 22 SF₅ H H H

585.2 585.0 0.27 67 23 SF₅ H H H

569.8 570.0 0.65 68 24 SF₅ H H H

570.0 570.0 0.65 69 25 SF₅ H H H

689.0 689.0 0.35 70 26 SF₅ H H H

546.2 546.0 <1 71 27 SF₅ H H H

634.9 635.0 <1 72 28 SF₅ H H H

638.0 638.0 ED₈₀0.23 73 29 SF₅ H H H

650.1 650.0 ED₈₀0.74 74 30 SF₅ H H H

626.0 626.0 ED₈₀0.18 75 31 SF₅ H H H

610.0 610.1 <1 76 32 SF₅ H H H

663.9 664.0 ED₈₀0.38 77 33 SF₅ H H H

632.0 632.0 <1 78 34 SF₅ H H H

632.0 632.0 ED₈₀0.31 79 35 SF₅ H H H

632.0 632.0 <1 80 36 SF₅ H H H

613.9 614.0 ED₈₀0.45 81 37 SF₅ H H H

631.9 632.0 <1 82 38 SF₅ H H H

613.9 614.0 <1 83 39 SF₅ H H H

629.9 630.0 <1 84 40 SF₅ H H H

609.9 610.1 <1 85 41 SF₅ H H H

603.0 603.0 <1 86 42 SF₅ H H H

639.0 639.0 <1 87 43 SF₅ H H H

674.0 674.0 <1 88 44 SF₅ H H H

563.6 563.0 <1 89 45 SF₅ H H H

588.0 588.0 <1 90 46 SF₅ H H H

587.9 588.0 <1 91 47 SF₅ H H H

584.0 584.0 ED₈₀0.21 92 48 SF₅ H H H

552.3 552.0 ED₈₀0.79 93 49 SF₅ H H H

543.0 543.1 ED₈₀0.45 94 50 CF₃O Cl Cl H

542.0 542.0 <1 95

Example 2 1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 1.03-1.06 (2H), 1.41-1.46 (2H), 4.33-4.40 (2H), 6.07-6.10 (1H), 6.34-6.39 (1H), 6.59-6.64 (1H), 7.20-7.26 (1H), 7.52-7.61 (1H), 8.35-8.38 (2H), 12.53-12.57 (1H)

Example 3 1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.90-0.99 (2H), 1.35-1.41 (2H), 4.50-4.52 (2H), 7.55-7.63 (2H), 8.37-8.40 (2H)

Example 4 Pyridin-4-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.06-1.09 (2H), 1.48-1.51 (2H), 5.17-5.19 (2H), 6.35-6.45 (2H), 7.20-7.22 (2H), 8.23-8.25 (2H), 8.50-8.53 (2H)

Example 5 3,5Difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.19-1.22 (2H), 1.62-1.64 (2H), 5.01-5.03 (2H), 5.50-5.63 (2H), 6.72-6.80 (3H), 7.81-7.83 (2H)

Example 6 4-Fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.12-1.16 (2H), 1.62-1.66 (2H), 5.01-5.03 (2H), 5.45-5.60 (2H), 7.00-7.04 (2H), 7.20-7.25 (2H), 7.84-7.86 (2H)

Example 7 Benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.11-1.15 (2H), 1.60-1.63 (2H), 5.04-5.05 (2H), 5.40-5.55 (2H), 7.20-7.24 (3H), 7.31-7.35 (2H), 7.84-7.86 (2H)

Example 8 Cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.16-0.20 (2H), 0.39-0.43 (2H), 0.97-1.01 (1H), 1.82-1.87 (1H), 2.73-2.79 (1H), 3.78-3.82 (1H), 3.82-3.86 (1H), 7.13-7.18 (1H), 7.50-7.55 (1H), 8.45-8.47 (2H), 10.17-10.23 (1H)

Example 9 1-(3Cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.83-0.87 (2H), 1.20-1.27 (4H), 1.75-1.78 (2H), 3.19-3.22 (2H), 7.95-7.97 (2H)

Example 10 Cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 0.21-0.24 (2H), 0.43-0.46 (2H), 1.01-1.07 (1H), 1.98-2.02 (1H), 2.80-2.84 (1H), 3.91-3.97 (2H), 6.82-6.87 (1H), 6.92-6.97 (1H), 7.78-7.80 (2H)

Example 11 Ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.10-1.14 (3H), 1.98-2.01 (1H), 2.80-2.83 (1H), 4.03-4.07 (2H), 6.80-6.85 (1H), 6.97-7.02 (1H), 8.26-8.28 (2H)

Example 12 Cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 0.15-0.20 (2H), 0.40-0.45 (2H), 0.98-1.03 (1H), 2.30-2.34 (1H), 3.07-3.11 (1H), 3.80-3.86 (2H), 8.28-8.31 (2H)

Example 13 1-Cyclopropylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 0.19-0.23 (2H), 0.35-0.39 (1H), 0.43-0.46 (1H), 0.90-0.96 (1H), 1.10-1.12 (2H), 1.19-1.21 (3H), 1.55-1.58 (2H), 4.11-4.16 (1H), 8.25-8.27 (2H)

Example 14 Pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.05-1.08 (2H), 1.44-1.47 (2H), 5.20-5.22 (2H), 8.22-8.23 (2H), 8.76-8.77 (2H), 9.09-9.10 (1H)

Example 15 3-Cyanobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.06-1.09 (2H), 1.45-1.48 (2H), 5.20-5.22 (2H), 7.58-7.60 (1H), 7.60-7.62 (1H), 7.70-7.74 (2H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 16 (3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.07-1.10 (2H), 1.45-1.48 (2H), 2.07-2.08 (3H), 2.19-2.20 (3H), 5.90-5.91 (2H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 17 (2,2-Dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.15-1.18 (2H), 1.41-1.45 (1H), 1.55-1.58 (2H), 1.70-1.74 (1H), 2.00-2.03 (1H), 3.98-4.03 (1H), 4.35-4.40 (1H), 6.25-6.30 (1H), 6.40-6.45 (1H), 8.26-8.28 (2H)

Example 18 (2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.95-0.99 (2H), 1.30-1.40 (3H), 1.56-1.61 (1H), 1.94-1.99 (1H), 3.90-3.95 (1H), 4.10-4.15 (1H), 6.40-6.44 (1H), 7.10-7.14 (1H), 8.43-8.45 (2H)

Example 19 1-{3-Cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.17-1.20 (2H), 1.57-1.59 (2H), 4.60-4.63 (2H), 6.02-6.06 (1H), 6.39-6.50 (2H), 7.41-7.43 (1H), 7.58-7.60 (1H), 7.60-7.64 (2H), 8.18-8.20 (2H)

Example 20 4-[({4-[1-(Aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.18-1.20 (2H), 1.59-1.61 (2H), 4.45-4.48 (2H), 7.23-7.25 (2H), 7.76-7.78 (2H), 8.07-8.09 (2H)

Example 21 1-{3-Cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 2.39-2.41 (2H), 2.80-2.82 (2H), 5.82-5.84 (2H), 7.37-7.40 (1H), 8.56-8.60 (2H), 8.56-8.60 (1H), 8.88-8.92 (1H), 8.92-8.94 (1H), 9.41-9.43 (2H)

Example 22 (1-Cyanocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.10-1.18 (4H), 1.22-1.25 (2H), 1.56-1.59 (2H), 4.16-4.17 (2H), 6.22-6.27 (1H), 6.40-6.45 (1H), 8.27-8.29 (2H)

Example 23 1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.17-1.20 (2H), 1.58-1.60 (2H), 4.58-4.60 (2H), 5.80-5.85 (1H), 6.30-6.35 (1H), 6.50-6.55 (1H), 6.99-7.02 (1H), 7.08-7.11 (1H), 7.22-7.25 (1H), 7.40-7.43 (1H), 8.17-8.18 (2H)

Example 24 1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.17-1.20 (2H), 1.59-1.61 (2H), 4.39-4.40 (2H), 6.90-6.98 (3H), 7.20-7.24 (1H), 8.08-8.09 (2H)

Example 25 3-[(Methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.08-1.12 (2H), 1.45-1.48 (2H), 2.99-3.00 (3H), 5.10-5.12 (2H), 6.35-6.40 (1H), 6.45-6.50 (1H), 7.04-7.06 (1H), 7.29-7.34 (3H), 8.13-8.15 (2H)

Example 26 Allyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.96-1.00 (2H), 1.39-1.43 (2H), 4.41-4.44 (2H), 5.03-5.09 (2H), 5.70-5.75 (1H), 6.38-6.43 (1H), 7.08-7.13 (1H), 8.43-8.45 (2H)

Example 27 1-(4-Cyanophenyl)ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.03-1.08 (2H), 1.42-1.52 (5H), 5.78-5.82 (1H), 7.45-7.48 (2H), 7.74-7.77 (2H), 8.13-8.15 (2H)

Example 28 2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.02-1.05 (2H), 1.42-1.45 (2H), 3.17-3.21 (2H), 4.52-4.58 (2H), 5.00-5.02 (2H), 6.62-6.66 (1H), 7.00-7.04 (1H), 7.17-7.20 (1H), 8.20-8.23 (2H)

Example 29 3,4,5-Trifluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.09-1.12 (2H), 1.49-1.52 (2H), 5.10-5.12 (2H), 7.13-7.19 (2H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 30 4-Methoxybenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.03-1.06 (2H), 1.45-1.48 (2H), 3.80-3.81 (3H), 5.01-5.03 (2H), 6.85-6.90 (2H), 7.20-7.23 (2H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 31 4-Methylbenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.03-1.07 (2H), 1.46-1.50 (2H), 2.30-2.33 (3H), 5.01-5.03 (2H), 7.15-7.20 (4H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 32 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.04-1.07 (2H), 1.48-1.51 (2H), 5.20-5.22 (2H), 7.49-7.52 (2H), 7.67-7.70 (2H), 8.24-8.26 (2H)

Example 33 2,5-Difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.06-1.09 (2H), 1.48-1.51 (2H), 5.18-5.20 (2H), 7.10-7.22 (3H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 34 2,3-Difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.06-1.09 (2H), 1.48-1.51 (2H), 5.20-5.22 (2H), 7.17-7.20 (2H), 7.30-7.35 (1H), 8.22-8.24 (2H)

Example 35 2,6-Difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.10-1.12 (2H), 1.55-1.57 (2H), 5.20-5.21 (2H), 6.96-7.00 (2H), 7.39-7.43 (1H), 8.17-8.19 (2H)

Example 36 2-Fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.07-1.09 (2H), 1.45-1.47 (2H), 5.19-5.20 (2H), 7.10-7.20 (2H), 7.35-7.42 (2H), 8.23-8.25 (2H)

Example 37 2,4-Difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.05-1.07 (2H), 1.44-1.46 (2H), 5.17-5.19 (2H), 6.99-7.05 (2H), 7.40-7.44 (1H), 8.21-8.23 (2H)

Example 38 3-Fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.07-1.09 (2H), 1.48-1.50 (2H), 5.16-5.18 (2H), 7.04-7.10 (3H), 7.36-7.40 (1H), 8.22-8.23 (2H)

Example 39 4-Chlorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[1,2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.07-1.09 (2H), 1.48-1.50 (2H), 5.09-5.11 (2H), 7.30-7.31 (2H), 7.37-7.39 (2H), 8.22-8.23 (2H)

Example 40 1-Phenylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.04-1.06 (2H), 1.41-1.50 (5H), 5.70-5.75 (1H), 7.21-7.31 (5H), 8.20-8.22 (2H)

Example 41 1,3-Thiazol-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.07-1.10 (2H), 1.54-1.57 (2H), 5.37-5.39 (2H), 7.83-7.84 (1H), 8.19-8.21 (2H), 8.96-8.97 (1H)

Example 42 4-Cyano-3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.07-1.10 (2H), 1.55-1.58 (2H), 5.09-5.11 (2H), 7.32-7.36 (1H), 7.61-7.63 (1H), 7.70-7.72 (1H), 8.18-8.20 (2H)

Example 43 4-(Methylsulfonyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.96-0.98 (2H), 1.38-1.40 (2H), 3.19-3.20 (3H), 7.41-7.43 (2H), 7.83-7.85 (2H), 8.44-8.46 (2H)

Example 44 2-Methoxyethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1[-1,2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.12-1.15 (2H), 1.61-1.64 (2H), 3.22-3.24 (3H), 3.41-3.44 (2H), 4.18-4.21 (2H), 7.93-7.95 (2H)

Example 45 1{-3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.28-1.30 (2H), 1.66-1.68 (2H), 4.50-4.52 (2H), 6.81-6.84 (2H), 7.25-7.30 (1H), 8.10-8.12 (2H)

Example 46 1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): 1.18-1.20 (2H), 1.59-1.61 (2H), 4.40-4.41 (2H), 6.70-6.80 (3H), 8.10-8.11 (2H)

Example 47 1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.19-1.22 (2H), 1.28-1.31 (1H), 1.60-1.66 (3H), 1.95-1.99 (1H), 3.45-3.60 (2H), 5.65-5.68 (1H), 8.23-8.24 (2H)

Example 48 1-{5-(Benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.16-1.18 (2H), 1.57-1.59 (1H), 4.56-4.58 (2H), 7.20-7.28 (5H), 8.16-8.18 (2H)

Example 49 1-{3-Cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.23-1.18 (8H), 1.60-1.62 (1H), 3.49-3.51 (2H), 8.25-8.27 (2H)

Example 50 2,2-Dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.11-0.20 (2H), 0.48-0.55 (2H), 0.92-0.99 (1H), 2.31-2.40 (1H), 2.57-2.60 (1H), 2.72-2.83 (3H), 7.389-7.41 (2H)

Example 51 Ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate

To the compound of Preparation 2 (474 mg, 0.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran/water (4:1, 8.6 ml) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (360 mg, 8.6 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with hydrochloric acid (1M) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. To a solution of the residue in tetrahydrofuran (8.6 ml), at 0° C., was added triethylamine (0.3 ml, 2.2 mmol) and ethyl chloroformate (1.0 ml, 1.0 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (5 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 1 by addition of hydrochloric acid (1M) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile with a few drops of dimethyl sulphoxide (1.3 ml) and purified by automated preparative liquid chromatography (Gilson system, 150 mm×50 mm LUNA C18(2) 10 μm column) using an acetonitrile: water gradient [45:55 to 95:5] 120 ml/min. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (396 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 534.3; expected 534.0 ¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 0.93-0.97 (2H), 1.03-1.07 (3H), 1.36-1.41 (2H), 3.93-4.01 (2H), 6.40-6.50 (1H), 7.07-7.14 (1H), 8.45-8.47 (2H), 9.92-9.96 (1H) Flea feed-ED₈₀ 0.24 μg/ml

Similarly Prepared Were:

Example R9 From Prep 52

102 53

103

Example 52 Cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio -phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate

Experimental MH⁺ 574.2; expected 574.1 ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.15-0.21 (2H), 0.42-0.47 (2H), 0.93-1.00 (1H), 1.05-1.25 (2H), 1.70-1.90 (2H), 3.10-3.12 (3H), 3.90-3.99 (2H), 7.92-7.95 (2H) Flea feed ED₉₅ 0.7 μg/ml

Example 53 1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide

Experimental MH⁺ 552.0; expected 552.0 ¹H-NMR (d₆-Acetone): 1.14-1.21 (3H), 1.43-1.48 (1H), 1.60-1.63 (2H), 3.42-3.46 (2H), 5.61-5.63 (1H), 6.40-6.45 (1H), 6.50-6.55 (1H), 8.25-8.27 (2H) Flea feed ED₉₅ 0.27 μg/ml

The following Preparations illustrate the synthesis of certain intermediates used in the preparation of the preceding Examples.

Preparation 1

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio -phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 132 (250 mg, 0.5 mmol) and pyridine (0.2 ml, 2.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (5.2 ml), at 0° C., was added phosgene (20% in toluene, 2.70 ml, 5.2 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 1 h, cyclopropylmethanol (2 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between hydrochloric acid (1M) and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated, washed with water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (310 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 575.0; expected 575.0

Similarly Prepared Were:

Preparation 2

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and ethanol

Experimental MH⁺ 549.0; expected 549.0

Preparation 3

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5({[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3,5-difluorobenzyl alcohol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 4

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 5

Methyl 1-(5-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and benzyl alcohol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 6

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and pyridin -2-ylmethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 612.2; expected 612.0

Preparation 7

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio -phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 116 and cyclopropylmethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 611.0; expected 611.0

Preparation 8

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 123 and cyclopropylmethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 568.8; expected 569.0

Preparation 9

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 116 and ethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 584.7; expected 585.0

Praparation 10

Ethyl 2,2-dichloro-1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 124 and cyclopropylmethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 657.2; expected 657.0

Praparation 11

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyclopropylethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 1-cyclopropylethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 589.0; expected 589.0

Praparation 12

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 13

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5({[(3-cyanobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3-hydroxybenzonitrile.

The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 14

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl-5({[(3,5-dimethyl-1H -pyrazol-1-yl)-methoxylcarbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethanol

Experimental MH⁺ 629.0; expected 629.1

Praparation 15

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5({[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methoxylcarbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methanol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 16

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl-5({[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methoxyl]-carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methanol

Experimental MH⁺ 611.0; expected 611.0

Praparation 17

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-({[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methoxyl]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 600.1; expected 600.0

Praparation 18

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}-oxy)carbonyl]amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and [3-(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 704.1; expected 704.0

Praparation 19

Methyl 1-(5-{[(allyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate the compound of Preparation 132 and allyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 561.1; expected 561.0

Praparation 20

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-({[1-4-cyanophenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzonitrile.

Experimental MH⁺ 650.0; expected 650.0

Praparation 21

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl-methoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethanol used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 22

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy]-carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl alcohol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 23

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxyl]-carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 641.0; expected 641.0

Praparation 24

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-]({[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-methylbenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 625.1; expected 625.1

Praparation 25

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxyl}-carbonyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 26

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-carbonylamino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,5-difluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 647.1; expected 647.0

Praparation 27

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,3-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,3-difluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 647.1; expected 647.0

Praparation 28

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,6-difluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 647.1; expected 647.0

Preparation 29

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2-fluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 629.1; expected 629.0

Praparation 30

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,4-difluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 647.1; expected 647.0

Praparation 31

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3-fluorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 629.1; expected 629.0

Praparation 32

Methyl 1-(5-({[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]carbonylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 645.0; expected 645.0

Praparation 33

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(1-phenylethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 1-phenylethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 625.1; expected 625.1

Praparation 34

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 1,3-thiazol]-5-ylmethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 618.0; expected 618.0

Praparation 35

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-({[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2-fluoro-4-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile.

Experimental MH⁺ 654.0; expected 654.0

Praparation 36

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({[4-(methylthio)benzyl]oxy}-carbonyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 4-(methylthio)benzyl alcohol.

Experimental MH⁺ 657.0; expected 657.0

Praparation 37

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2-methoxyethanol.

Experimental MH⁺ 579.1; expected 579.0

Praparation 38

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate

A mixture of the compound of Preparation 132 (250 mg, 0.5 mmol), 1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde (151 mg, 1.6 mmol) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (10 mg) in toluene (10 ml) was heated at 130° C. in a Dean-Stark apparatus for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and to the residue was added methanol (10 ml). The solution was cooled to OC₁ before addition of sodium borohydride (60 mg, 1.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (15 ml) and hydrochloric acid (1N, 15 ml). The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine (15 ml), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (290 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 557.0; expected 557.0

Similarly Prepared Were:

Praparation 39

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 1,3-thiazole-2-carbaldehyde.

Experimental MH⁺ 574.0; expected 574.0

Praparation 40

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3-formylbenzonitrile.

Experimental MH⁺ 592.0; expected 592.0

Praparation 41

Methyl 4-[({3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-4-[1-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-1H-pyrazol]-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzoate from the compound of Preparation 132 and methyl 4-formylbenzoate.

Experimental MH⁺ 625.2; expected 625.1

Praparation 42

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2-fluoro-4-formylbenzonitrile.

Experimental MH⁺ 610.0; expected 610.1

Praparation 43

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3,5-difluorobenzyl aldehyde.

Experimental MH⁺ 603.2; expected 603.0

Praparation 44

Methyl 1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and benzaldehyde.

Experimental MH⁺ 567.1; expected 567.0

Praparation 45

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanenitrile

Experimental MH⁺ 556.0; expected 556.0

Praparation 46

Ethyl 2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 131 and cyclopropanecarbaldehyde

Experimental MH⁺ 571.1; expected 571.0

Preparation 47

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 4 (264 mg, 0.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (88 mg, 2.1 mol) in water (0.5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, before addition of hydrochloric acid (2N, 1.5 ml). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and to the residue was added water (5 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 ml) and the combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (100 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 615.6; expected 615.0

Similarly prepared were:

Preparation 48

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 38.

Experimental MH⁺ 543.1; expected 543.0

Preparation 49

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 39.

Experimental MH⁺ 560.0; expected 560.1

Preparation 50

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 3.

Experimental MH⁺ 632.7; expected 633.0

Preparation 51

1-(5-{[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 5.

Experimental MH⁺ 596.7; expected 597.0

Preparation 52

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(Pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 6.

Experimental MH⁺ 597.6; expected 598.0

Preparation 53

1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 7.

Experimental MH⁺ 597.0; expected 597.0

Preparation 54

1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 101.

Experimental MH⁺ 540.0; expected 540.0

Preparation 55

1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 8.

Experimental MH⁺ 554.7; expected 555.0

Preparation 56

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-1H -pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 9.

Experimental MH⁺ 571.0; expected 571.0

Preparation 57

2,2-Dichloro-1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 10.

Experimental MH⁺ 628.7; expected 628.9

Preparation 58

1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(1-cyclopropylethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 11.

Experimental MH⁺ 575.2; expected 575.0

Preparation 59

1-(3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 12.

Experimental MH⁺ 597.0; expected 597.0

Preparation 60

1-{3-Cyano-5-({[(3-cyanobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 13.

Experimental MH⁺ 620.0; expected 620.0

Preparation 61

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3,5-dimethyl-1H -pyrazol-1-yl)methoxy]-carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 14.

Experimental MH⁺ 615.0; expected 615.0

Preparation 62

1-{3-Cyano-5-({[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methoxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 15.

Experimental MH⁺ 627.0; expected 626.9

Preparation 63

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methoxy]-carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 16.

Experimental MH⁺ 597.0; expected 597.0

Preparation 64

1-{3-Cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H -pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 40.

Experimental MH⁺ 578.0; expected 578.0

Preparation 65

4-[({4-(1-Carboxycyclopropyl)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}-amino)methyl]benzoic acid from the compound of Preparation 41.

Experimental MH⁺ 597.0; expected 597.0

Preparation 66

1-{3-Cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 42.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.38-1.42 (2H), 1.79-1.83 (2H), 4.21-4.25 (2H), 7.03-7.06 (1H), 7.32-7.35 (1H), 7.41-7.43 (1H), 7.79-7.81 (2H)

Preparation 67

1-{3-Cyano-5-({[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methoxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 17.

Experimental MH⁺ 586.1; expected 586.0

Preparation 68

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H -pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 97.

Experimental MH⁺ 570.9; expected 571.0

Preparation 69

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H -pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 98.

Experimental MH⁺ 570.9; expected 571.0

Preparation 70

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}oxy)-carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 109.

Experimental MH⁺ 690.1; expected 690.0

Preparation 71

1-(5-{[(Allyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H -pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 19.

Experimental MH⁺ 547.0; expected 547.0

Preparation 72

1-{3-Cyano-5-({[1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 20.

Experimental MH⁺ 636.0; expected 636.0

Preparation 73

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethoxy)-carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 21.

The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 74

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}-amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 22. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 75

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 23.

Experimental MH⁺ 627.1; expected 627.0

Preparation 76

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 24.

Experimental MH⁺ 611.1; expected 611.0

Preparation 77

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}carbonyl)-amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 25.

Experimental MH⁺ 665.1; expected 665.0

Preparation 78

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 26.

Experimental MH⁺ 633.1; expected 633.0

Preparation 79

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,3-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 27.

Experimental MH⁺ 633.1; expected 633.0

Preparation 80

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 28.

Experimental MH⁺ 633.1; expected 633.0

Preparation 81

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 29.

Experimental MH⁺ 615.2; expected 615.0

Preparation 82

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 30.

Experimental MH⁺ 633.2; expected 633.0

Preparation 83

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-({[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 31.

Experimental MH⁺ 615.2; expected 615.0

Preparation 84

1-{5-({[(4-Chlorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 32.

Experimental MH⁺ 631.2; expected 631.0

Preparation 85

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(1-phenylethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 33.

Experimental MH⁺ 611.0; expected 611.0

Preparation 86

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 34.

Experimental MH⁺ 604.0; expected 604.0

Preparation 87

1-{3-Cyano-5-({[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 35. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 88

1-{3-Cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]oxy}carbonyl)-amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 112.

Experimental MH⁺ 675.1; expected 675.0

Preparation 89

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 37.

Experimental MH⁺ 564.6; expected 565.0

Preparation 90

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 99.

Experimental MH⁺ 588.9; expected 589.0

Preparation 91

1-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 43.

Experimental MH⁺ 589.1; expected 589.0

Preparation 92

1-(3-Cyano-5-{[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 100.

Experimental MH⁺ 584.7; expected 585.0

Preparation 93

1-{5-(Benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 44. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 94

1-{3-Cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 45. The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 95

2,2-Dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylic acid from the compound of Preparation 46.

Experimental MH⁺ 543.1; expected 543.0

Praparation 96

Methyl 1-{5-(allylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a suspension of the compound of Preparation 132 (400 mg, 0.8 mmol) and caesium carbonate (410 mg, 1.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 ml) was added allyl bromide (0.2 ml, 2.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the mixture was adjusted to pH 1 by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:cyclohexane [2:98 to 12:88]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (240 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 516.8; expected 517.0

Similarly Prepared Were

Praparation 97

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 2-bromomethyl-fluorobenzene.

Experimental MH⁺ 585.0; expected 585.0

Praparation 98

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate from the compound of Preparation 132 and 3-bromomethyl-fluorobenzene

Experimental MH⁺ 585.0; expected 585.0

Praparation 99

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-H[(2-6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate

A mixture of the compound of Preparation 132 (500 mg, 1.1 mmol), caesium carbonate (512 mg, 1.6 mmol) and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene (217 mg, 1.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 ml) was heated at 100° C. in a microwave (CEN 300W) for 2×11 min. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (537 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 602.9; expected 603.0

Praparation 100

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 132 (125 mg, 0.3 mmol) and (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)-methanol (250 mg, 1.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 ml) was added Dess-Martin Periodinane (555 mg, 1.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 days and then cooled to 0° C., before addition of sodium borohydride (260 mg, 6.8 mmol) in methanol (5 ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for a further 18 h. The mixture was quenched by addition of water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (314 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 598.7; expected 599.0

Praparation 101

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothio-phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 132 (250 mg, 0.5 mmol), p-toluenesulphonic acid (15 mg) and Preparation 107 (700 mg, 7.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was added Dess-Martin Periodinane (1.1 g, 2.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then filtered through Celite®, washing through with dichloromethane. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and to the residue was added tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) The solution was cooled to 0° C., before addition of sodium borohydride (297 mg, 7.9 mmol) in methanol (5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was quenched by addition of hydrochloric acid (2N, 5 ml) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 ml) and ethyl acetate (20 ml) and the two layers were separated. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:cyclohexane [1:3 to 1:2]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (220 mg).

The product was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 102

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

A mixture of the compound of Preparation 1 (300 mg, 0.5 mmol), caesium carbonate (300 mg, 0.9 mmol) and methyl iodide (40 μl, 0.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (250 mg), which was used without further purification.

Experimental MH⁺ 589.1; expected 589.1

Praparation 103

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]-amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a mixture of the compound of Preparation 96 (240 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium fluoride (1 mg) in toluene (10 ml), heated at reflux, was added dropwise trimethylsilyl-2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulphonyl)acetate (0.4 ml, 2.0 mmol), via syringe. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h and then stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between hydrochloric acid (2M) and ethyl acetate. The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (0.5 ml) and purified by automated preparative liquid chromatography (Gilson system, 150 mm×21.2 mm LUNA C18(2) 5 μm column, 20 ml/min) using an acetonitrile:water gradient [55:45 (up to 15 min) to 95:5 (over 0.5 min) then 95:5 (for 3 min)]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (30 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 567.1; expected 567.0

Preparation 104

1-(3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid

A solution of the compound of Preparation 105 (100 mg, 0.1 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (1 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. To the solution was added water (2 ml) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×2 ml). The combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under nitrogen to give the title compound (50 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 597.9; expected 598.0

Preparation 105

2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(pyridin-4-yl}-methoxy)carbonyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a mixture of the compound of Preparation 106 (890 mg, 1.6 mmol), pyridine (1.3 ml, 15.8 mmol) and molecular sieves in dichloromethane (10 ml), at 0° C. and under nitrogen, was added phosgene (20% in toluene, 4.2 ml, 7.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, before addition of pyridin-4-ylmethanol (1.7 g, 15.8 mmol) in dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 30 min and water (100 ml) was added. The two layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with diethyl ether (2×100 ml). The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by Biotage™ automated flash chromatography (silica 25M cartridge) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:cyclohexane [10:90 to 100:0]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (510 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 698.0; expected 698.1

Preparation 106

2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1-H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol (3.0 ml, 21.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 ml), at 0° C., was added sodium hydride (17 mg, 0.4 mmol). After stirring for 5 min, the compound of Preparation 132 (1.0 g, 2.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h. The mixture was quenched by addition of hydrochloric acid (1N, 20 ml) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 ml). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (50 ml) and brine (20 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was azeotroped with toluene (×2) to give the title compound (750 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.88-0.92 (2H), 1.20-1.23 (2H), 1.61-1.63 (2H), 4.10-4.14 (2H), 7.82-7.84 (2H)

Preparation 107

1-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 108 (2.4 g, 18.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) at room temperature was added sodium borohydride (788 mg, 20.8 mmol), followed by methanol (2.3 ml), added carefully over 2 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then heated at reflux for 15 min. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and to the residue was added water (20 ml) and hydrochloric acid (2N, 20 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 ml) and the combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 ml), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (1.1 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.99-1.01 (2H), 1.20-1.22 (2H), 3.58-3.60 (2H)

Praparation 108

Methyl 1-cyanocyclopropanecarboxylate

To a mixture of methyl cyanoacetate (21.6 ml, 244.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (52.9 g, 383.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (200 ml) was added 1,2-dibromoethane (15.0 ml, 174.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then filtered. The filtrate was partitioned between diethyl ether and brine and the organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (15.1 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.57-1.60 (2H), 1.60-1.63 (2H), 3.80-3.82 (3H)

Praparation 109

N-[3-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 110 (2.4 g, 10.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml), at 0° C., was added lithium alumnium hydride (1M in tetrahydrofuran, 12 ml, 12.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. To the mixture was added ethyl acetate (5 ml) and water (20 ml) and the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and hydrochloric acid (2M).

The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (1.9 g).

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 2.95-2.97 (3H), 4.40-4.43 (2H), 5.17-5.22 (1H), 7.00-7.04 (2H), 7.17-7.19 (1H), 7.21-7.23 (1H), 9.61-9.65 (1H)

Praparation 110

Ethyl 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzoate

To a solution of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate (2.0 g, 12.1 mmol) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (1.2 g, 14.5 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (24 ml) was added methanesulphonyl chloride (2.3 ml, 30.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, before addition of water (10 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 5 days. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and hydrochloric acid (2M) and the organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was passed through a plug of silica, eluting with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane [1:3] and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (2.4 g).

¹H-NMR (d₆-DMSO): 1.25-1.28 (3H), 2.97-2.99 (3H), 4.23-4.26 (2H), 7.41-7.44 (2H), 7.62-7.64 (1H), 7.80-7.82 (1H), 9.97-9.99 (1H)

Preparation 111

2-Fluoro-4-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile

To a solution of 2-fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (350 mg, 2.4 mmol) in methanol (11 ml), at 0° C., was added sodium borohydride (107 mg, 2.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h, before addition of hydrochloric acid (1M, 30 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (354 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 4.73-4.75 (2H), 7.19-7.23 (1H), 7.50-7.59 (2H)

Praparation 112

Methyl 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[({[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]oxy}-carbonyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 36 (414 mg, 0.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 ml) was added 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (353 mg, 1.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 days and dichloromethane (5 ml) was added. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine and the organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:cyclohexane [40:60 to 60:40]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (316 mg) which was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 113

2,2-Dimethyl-3-oxopropanenitrile

To a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.8 ml, 9.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml), at −78° C., was added dropwise anhydrous dimethyl sulphoxide (1.4 ml, 19.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml). After stirring for 10 min, the compound of Preparation 114 (808 mg, 8.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was added dropwise and stirring continued for a further 15 min. To the mixture was added triethylamine (5.7 ml, 40.8 mmol) and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1.5 h. The mixture was poured into hydrochloric acid (2N, 30 ml), at 0° C., and the two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and then extracted with dichloromethane (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (30 ml) and brine (30 ml), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (1.8 g) which was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 114

3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 115 (1.8 g, 16.0 mmol) and anhydrous triethylamine (2.9 ml, 20.7 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 ml), at 0° C., was added methyl chloroformate (1.5 ml, 19.1 mmol).

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to 0° C. and filtered, washing through with tetrahydrofuran. The filtrate was cooled to 0° C., before addition of water (12 ml) and sodium borohydride (1.8 g, 47.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then quenched by addition of hydrochloric acid (2N, 10 ml). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:cyclohexane [1:3 to 1:1]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (1.6 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.38-1.40 (6H), 3.35-3.38 (2H)

Preparation 115

2-Cyano-2-methylpropanoic acid

To an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50%, 44 ml) was added ethyl cyanoacetate (2.4 ml, 22.0 mmol). benzyltriethylammonium chloride (5.0 g, 22.1 mmol) and methyl iodide (5.5 ml, 88.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and water (100 ml) was added. The aqueous layer was washed with diethyl ether (2×50 ml) and the combined organic phases were acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The solution was extracted with diethyl ether (3×50 ml) and the combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (1.6 g) which was used directly in the next stage.

Preparation 116

Methyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-difluoro-cyclopropanecarboxylate

A solution of the compound of Preparation 117 (3.0 g, 5.3 mmol) in p-toluenesulphonic acid (10% in methanol, 80 ml) was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was triturated with cold ethanol to give the title compound (500 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 513.0; expected 513.0

Praparation 117

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-carboxylate

To a mixture of the compound of Preparation 118 (2.2 g, 4.3 mmol) and sodium fluoride (3 mg) in toluene (5.4 ml) at reflux was added trimethylsilyl-2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulphonyl)acetate (3.4 ml, 17.3 mmol), via syringe. After heating at reflux for 4 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred for 16 h.

The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate:hexane [10:90 to 35:65]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (1.96 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 568.1; expected 568.0

Praparation 118

Methyl 2-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acrylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 119 (3.5 g, 6.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) was added triethylamine (5.28 ml, 37.9 mmol) and methanesulphonyl chloride (1.8 ml, 23.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 24 h.

To the reaction mixture was added hydrochloric acid (2M) and ice and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified on a Biotage column (silica, 100 g), eluting with dichloromethane. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (1.5 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 518.0; expected 518.0

Praparation 119

Methyl 2-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]amino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-hydroxypropanoate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 120 (3.2 g, 5.6 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (20 ml), at −78° C., was added isopropylmagnesium chloride (2M, 3.1 ml, 6.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then added to methyl pyruvate (0.8 ml, 8.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) at −30° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred overnight at room temperature.

The reaction mixture was acidified with hydrochloric acid (2M) and extracted with ethyl acetate (200 ml).

The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (3.5 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 536.0; expected 536.0

Praparation 120

N′-{3-Cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-4-iodo-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}-N,N-dimethylimidoformamide

A solution of the compound of Preparation 121 (52 g, 103 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (300 ml) was heated at reflux for 5 h, cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight.

The reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography (silica, 1 kg) with gradient elution, hexane ethyl acetate [6:1 to 4:1]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (45 g) as a light brown solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 2.77-2.81 (3H), 3.02-3.05 (3H), 7.78-7.81 (2H), 8.21-8.24 (1H)

Preparation 121

5-Amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-4-iodo-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 122 (40.0 g, 106 mmol) in acetonitrile (400 ml) was added N-iodosuccinimide (26.4 g, 117 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (1l) and washed with aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution (10%, 3×500 ml) and brine (500 ml). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (53 g) as a brown solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 3.87-3.94 (2H), 7.88-7.90 (2H)

Preparation 122

5-Amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile

Reference: WO 9306089 A1, EP 605469 A1

Praparation 123

Methyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate

A mixture of the compound of Preparation 134 (7.2 g, 13.7 mmol) and hydrochloric acid (4N, 20 ml) in methanol (50 ml) was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (6.50 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 470.9; expected 471.0

Praparation 124

Ethyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 125 (1.0 g, 3.5 mmol) in ethanol (5 ml), at 0° C., was added tetrafluoroboric acid (48% in water, 1.0 ml, 7.35 mmol), followed by isoamylnitrite (0.32 ml, 3.9 mmol).

The reaction mixture was then stirred for 40 min. The product was collected by filtration and dried to give 2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate

A solution of the compound of Preparation 127 (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) and pyridine (75 ml) in methanol (2 ml), at 0° C., was stirred for 15 min, before addition of 2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (121 mg, 0.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 30 min. To the reaction mixture was added diethyl ether (20 ml) and the solution was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (220 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 558.8; expected 558.9

Preparation 125

2,6-Dichloro-4-pentafluorothioaniline

Reference: WO 9306089 A1

Preparation 126

5-Amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4-iodo-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile

Reference: W09804530A1; W09707102A1

Praparation 127

Ethyl 2,2-dichloro-1-(12-dicyano-3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)cyclopropane-carboxylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 128 (1.0 g, 3.4 mmol) in methanol (15 ml), at 0° C. and under nitrogen, was added potassium cyanide (267 mg, 4.1 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. Glacial acetic acid (390 ml) and silica (1.0 g) were added and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo.

The product/silica mix was purified by column chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, diethyl ether: cyclohexane [3:7 to 1:1]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (440 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.39-1.41 (3H), 1.65-2.00 (1H), 2.42-2.70 (1H), 3.32-3.41 (1H), 3.89-3.99 (3H), 4.21-4.27 (1H), 4.35-4.42 (2H)

Praparation 128

Ethyl 2,2-dichloro-1-[2-cyano-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylate

A mixture of the compound of Preparation 129 (8.6 g, 40 mmol), methyl cyanoacetate (3.5 ml, 40 mmol) and piperidine (1.2 ml, 12 mmol) in acetic acid (30 ml) was heated at reflux, under nitrogen, for 60 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (500 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×150 ml). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (200 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica), eluting with diethyl ether/cyclohexane [2:8].

The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (6.0 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.19-1.28 (3H), 2.25-2.30 (1H), 2.81-2.85 (1H), 3.91-3.94 (3H), 4.29-4.41 (2H), 7.89-7.92 (1H)

Praparation 129

Ethyl 2,2-dichloro-1-formylcyclopropanecarboxylate

A solution of the compound of Preparation 130 (5.0 g, 19.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was purged with nitrogen and cooled to −78° C. To the solution was added dropwise diisobutylaluminium hydride (1M in dichloromethane, 39.4 ml, 39.4 mmol), ensuring that the temperature did not rise above −65° C. After stirring at this temperature for 2 h, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added, followed by hydrochloric acid (2N, 5 ml), and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature.

The reaction mixture was filtered, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica) eluting with diethyl ether/cyclohexane [2:8]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (900 mg).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 1.35-1.38 (3H), 2.40-2.50 (2H), 4.31-4.39 (2H), 9.96-9.99 (1H)

Praparation 130

Diethyl 2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate

Reference: Synthetic Communications (1989), 19(1-2), 141-6.

Preparation 131

Ethyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanecarboxylate

To a solution of 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylamine (2.0 g, 8.1 mmol) in ethanol (2 ml), at −5° C. and under nitrogen, was added dropwise tetrafluoroboric acid (48% in water, 3.1 g, 17.1 mmol). To the mixture was added dropwise isoamyl nitrite (1.2 ml, 8.9 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo to give a diazonium salt (2.5 g).

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 127 (500 mg, 1.6 mmol) and pyridine (0.4 ml, 4.7 mol) in methanol (10 ml), at 0° C. and under nitrogen, was added the diazonium salt (540 mg, 1.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by automated flash chromatography (Biotage™, 25M column) with gradient elution, ethyl acetate: cyclohexane [6:94 to 30:70]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (310 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 516.9; expected 517.0

Praparation 132

Methyl 1-{5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylate

To the compound of Preparation 133 (1.0 g, 1.9 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12.5 ml) and methanol (3.5 ml) was added hydrochloric acid (1M, 3.5 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at reflux overnight.

The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with water, dried and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (600 mg).

Experimental MH⁺ 477.0; expected 477.0

Praparation 133

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

To trimethylsulphoxonium iodide (892 mg, 4.05 mmol) and sodium hydride (60% in oil, 150 mg, 3.8 mmol) was added dimethyl sulphoxide (20 ml). After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was added to a solution of the compound of Preparation 118 (1.5 g, 2.9 mmol) in dimethyl sulphoxide (20 ml) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight.

To the reaction mixture was added hydrochloric acid (1M) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified on a Biotage column (silica, 100 g) eluting with dichloromethane. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (1.0 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 532.0; expected 532.0

Praparation 134

Methyl 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate

To a suspension of the compound of Preparation 135 (7.5 g, 15.8 mmol) in toluene (10 ml) was added potassium fluoride (20 mg) and trimethylsilyl-2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulphonyl)acetate (Dolbier Reagent, 10 ml), via syringe over 6 h.

The reaction mixture was loaded on to a column (silica) and eluted with toluene. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (7.2 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 526.0; expected 526.0

Praparation 135

Methyl 2-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acrylate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 136 (24.5 g, 49.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 ml) was added dropwise thionyl chloride (30 ml). After stirring at 50° C. for 2 days, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica), eluting with dichloromethane. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (19.1 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 476.0; expected 476.1

Praparation 136

Methyl 2-(3-cyano-1-[26-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]-amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-hydroxypropanoate

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 137 (41 g, 79 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (250 ml), at −30° C. and under nitrogen, was added dropwise isopropylmagnesium chloride (2M in tetrahydrofuran, 4.5 ml, 90 mmol). After stirring at −30° C. for 1 h, methyl pyruvate (90%, 15.5 ml, 135 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and then allowed to warm to room temperature.

The reaction mixture was quenched on ice/hydrochloric acid (2N) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 ml). The combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.

The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica), eluting with dichloromethane, followed by ethyl acetate. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (24.50 g).

Experimental MH⁺ 494.0; expected 494.1

Praparation 137

N′-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4-iodo-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}-N,N-dimethyl-imidoformamide

To a solution of the compound of Preparation 126 (6.8 g, 15 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (1.9 g, 16 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight.

The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica) with gradient elution, toluene:dichloromethane [1:0 to 1:1]. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound (6.2 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 2.76-2.79 (3H), 3.01-3.04 (3H), 7.27-7.30 (2H), 8.17-8.20 (1H) 

1. A compound selected from: pyridin-2-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(13-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; pyridin-4-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-cyclopropylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-cyanobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl{4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 4-[({4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; allyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methoxybenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methylbenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,6-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,4-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-chlorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-phenylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-methoxyethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(22-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino -1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate; and 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
 2. A compound of formula (LX)

wherein R¹ is selected from CF₃, OCF₃ and SF₅; R³ and R⁴ are both H, both F, or both Cl; and R^(9A) is phenyl optionally substituted by up to 3 groups independently selected from halo, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, —O(C₁-C₄ alkyl), —CN, —CONH₂, —NHSO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), and —SO₂(C₁-C₄ alkyl), or R^(9A) is heteroaryl selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, and thiazolyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 2 wherein: R^(9A) is phenyl optionally substituted by up to 3 groups independently selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, —OCH₃, —CN, —CONH₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, and —SO₂CH₃, or R^(9A) is heteroaryl selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, and thiazolyl.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 3 wherein R¹ is SF₅.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 6. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 for use as a medicament.
 7. A method of treating a parasitic infection comprising treating an animal with an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to
 4. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a compound selected from pyridin-2-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(13-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; pyridin-4-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-cyclopropylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-cyanobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl{4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 4-[({4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; allyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methoxybenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methylbenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,6-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,4-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-chlorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-phenylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-methoxyethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(22-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate; and 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof; and b) a second antiparasitic agent.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 wherein the second antiparasitic agent is an anthelmintic agent.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein the anthelmintic agent is a macrocyclic lactone.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 wherein the macrocyclic lactone is a milbemycin or derivative thereof.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein the milbemycin or derivative thereof is milbemycin oxime.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a compound according to formula (LX) according to any of claims 2 to 4, and b) a second antiparasitic agent.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 wherein the second antiparasitic agent is an anthelmintic agent.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 wherein the anthelmintic agent is a macrocyclic lactone.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein the macrocyclic lactone is a milbemycin or derivative thereof.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16 wherein the milbemycin or derivative thereof is milbemycin oxime.
 18. A method of treating a parasitic infestation in a host animal, comprising simultaneously, sequentially or separately administering to said host animal: a) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from pyridin-2-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(13-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; pyridin-4-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-cyclopropylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-cyanobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(3-cyanobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 4-[({4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}amino)methyl]benzamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; (1-cyanocyclopropyl)methyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3-fluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; allyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-(4-cyanophenyl)ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methoxybenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-methylbenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,5-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,3-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,6-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2,4-difluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-chlorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-phenylethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 2-methoxyethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-[(3,5-difluorobenzyl)amino]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-(3-cyano-5-{[(22-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{5-(benzylamino)-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 1-{3-cyano-5-[(2-cyano-2-methylpropyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; 2,2-dichloro-1-{3-cyano-5-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}cyclopropanecarboxamide; ethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}carbamate; cyclopropylmethyl {4-[1-(aminocarbonyl)cyclopropyl]-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}methylcarbamate; and 1-(3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-pentafluorothiophenyl]-5-{[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof; and b) a therapeutically effective amount of a second antiparasitic agent.
 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the second antiparasitic agent is an anthelmintic agent.
 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein the anthelmintic agent is a macrocyclic lactone.
 21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the macrocyclic lactone is a milbemycin or a derivative thereof.
 22. The method according to claim 21 wherein the milbemycin or derivative thereof is milbemycin oxime.
 23. The method according to claim 18 wherein the host animal is a mammal.
 24. The method according to claim 23 wherein the host animal is a human.
 25. The method according to claim 23 wherein the host animal is a non-human mammal.
 26. The method according to claim 25 wherein the non-human mammal is selected from dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and pigs.
 27. The method according to claim 18 wherein the host animal is a bird or a fish. 